scholarly journals Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE, A CATALASE INHIBITOR, PROLONGS CARNATION VASE LIFE.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127d-1127
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Electrophoretic Resolution

Sim-type carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. Elliot's White) continuously treated with 50 mM or 100 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) and held in the dark at 18°C did not exhibit a respiratory climacteric relative to dH2O-treated controls. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12-15 days post-harvest. Other triazoles were not effective in prolonging senescence. Amitrole appears to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis by blocking the enzyme-mediated conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Ethylene action appears to be progressively inhibited in that flowers held in treatment solution for 2 d or less responded to application of 10 uL/L exogenous ethylene whereas flowers held 10 d or longer exhibited no response. Electrophoretic resolution of total crude extracts evidenced protein synthesis as well as degradation. Western analysis and total activity assays showed an amitrole concentration-specific inhibition of catalase activity.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodson ◽  
Shimon Mayak ◽  
Haim Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

scholarly journals Alcohols and Carnation Senescence

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jen Wu ◽  
Lorenzo Zacarias ◽  
Mikal E. Saltveit ◽  
Michael S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Flower Stem ◽  
Normal Increase ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Continuous treatment with 8% ethanol doubled the vase life of `White Sim' carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Other alcohols, other concentrations of ethanol, or pulse treatments with up to 8% ethanol had little or no effect. Butanol and longer-chain alcohols shortened vase life and caused the flower stem to fold. During their eventual senescence, the petals of ethanol-treated flowers did not inroll; instead, individual petals dried slowly from their tips. Very little ethylene was produced by ethanol-treated flowers, and the normal increase in ACC content and EFE activity was also suppressed. Ethanol treatment also decreased the flowers' sensitivity to exogenous ethylene.

scholarly journals Ethylene Biosynthesis during Peach Fruit Development

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tonutti ◽  
P. Casson ◽  
A. Ramina
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Acc Content

Ethylene evolution and ACC levels were determined throughout the growth and development of peach fruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Redhaven). In the four stages of growth (I, II, III, IV), as indicated by weekly monitoring of fresh (FW) and dry (DW) weight accumulation, ethylene biosynthesis in whole fruit decreased during FWI and remained almost undetectable during FWII and FWIII. In pericarp disks, ethylene evolution followed the same trend, although a peak at 78 days after full bloom and a slight increase before the onset of the climacteric were observed. The high rates of ethylene evolution were associated with a concurrent increase in ACC content. Enhancement of ACC synthase and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) activities was responsible for the peak of ethylene evolution detected before the beginning of FWIII and DWIII. At the climacteric, which occurred at the FWIII-FWIV transition, sequential events were observed in different fruit tissues. An increase of ethylene production in the mesocarp preceded the onset of the climacteric rise in whole fruit. The high amount of ethylene detected during the climacteric appeared to be related to increased EFE activity in the epicarp. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Prolongs Carnation Vase Life

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

Continuous postharvest treatment of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Elliot's White) with 50 or 100 mM aminotriazole significantly extended useful vase life relative to flowers held in distilled H2O. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12 to 15 days after harvest. The longevity of aminotriazole-treated flowers was extended to ≈18 days. The respiratory rate of aminotriazole-treated carnations was suppressed, and they exhibited no respiratory climacteric throughout the period of observation. The responsiveness of aminotriazole-treated flowers to exogenous ethylene appeared temporally regulated. Flowers treated with 50 mM aminotriazole for 2 days senesced in response to application of 10 μl exogenous ethylene/liter, whereas flowers treated for 24 days exhibited no morphological response to ethylene treatment. Chemical name used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole).

scholarly journals Variation in Flower Senescence and Ethylene Biosynthesis among Carnations

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1100-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda S. Brandt ◽  
William R. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Visible Symptom

We have investigated the patterns of ethylene biosynthesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) genotypes that exhibit extended vase life in comparison to flowers of White Sim'. `White Sim' flowers exhibited typical symptoms of senescence, including petal in-rolling and rapid wilting, beginning 5 days after harvest. In contrast, the other genotypes studied did not show petal in-rolling or rapid wilting associated with petal senescence. The first visible symptom of senescence in these flowers was necrosis of the petal tips, and it occurred from 3 to 7 days after the initial symptoms of senescence were seen in `White Sim' flowers. In all cases, the extended-vase-life genotypes did not exhibit the dramatic increase in ethylene production that typically accompanies petal senescence in carnation. This appeared to be the result of limited accumulation of ACC. In addition, flowers of these genotypes had limited capacity to convert ACC to ethylene. Therefore, we conclude that the low level of ethylene produced by these flowers during postharvest aging is the result of low activities of both ACC synthase and the ethylene-forming enzyme. Treatment of `White Sim' flowers at anthesis with 1.0 μl ethylene/liter resulted in the induction of increased ethylene biosynthesis and premature petal senescence. The extended-vase-life genotypes exhibited varying responses to ethylene treatment. One genotype (87-37G-2) produced elevated ethylene and senesced prematurely, as did flowers of `White Sim'. A second genotype (82-1) was induced to senesce by ethylene treatment but did not produce increased ethylene. A third genotype (799) was unaffected by ethylene treatment. The results of this study suggest these extended-vase-life genotypes are representative of genetic differences in the capacity to synthesize and respond to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY mRNAs DURING CARNATION FLOWER SENESCENCE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 580b-580
Author(s):  
William R. Woodson ◽  
Ky Young Park ◽  
Paul Larsen ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Sam Synthetase ◽  
Carnation Flower

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is associated with increased synthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. This ethylene serves to initiate and regulate the processes of programmed cell death. We are using molecular approaches to study the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in various floral organs during development and senescence of flowers. We have isolated and cloned mRNAs which encode the ethylene biosynthetic pathway enzymes s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from carnation flower petals. These cDNAs have been used as molecular probes to determine the steady-state mRNA levels of these transcripts in senescing flowers. The increase in ethylene associated with petal senescence is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of transcripts for both ACC synthase and EFE. In striking contrast, the level of SAM synthetase mRNA decreases significantly with the onset of petal senescence. Genomic DNA Southern blots reveal both ACC synthase and EFE are encoded by multigene families. We have recently isolated several genomic clones from carnation which represent different ACC synthase genes. The structure and organization of these gene will be presented.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF POLYAMINES ON THE SENESCENCE OF CARNATION PETALS.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 617d-617
Author(s):  
Ki-Cheol Son ◽  
Y. Chae
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acc Content ◽  
Carnation Petals

The interaction between polyamines and ethylene is still not clear for floral tissues. The aim of the present paper is to examine the senescence on the isolated petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Desio) but not the whole flower in an attempt to clarify the exact role of polyamines. Petals were treated with putrescine (Put; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), spermidine (Spd; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), spermine (Spn; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), Put+Spd (1.0mM), Put+Spn (1.0mM). The fresh weight of petals in all 10mM treatment was decreased less than those in the other treatments at all times but there were no significant differences. The differences in ethylene production were significant. In petals maintained in 10mM of polyamines, ethylene production was completely inhibited until 13 days and senescence was considerably retarded. However, ethylene productions in 1.0mM polyamines treatments were delayed 2-3 days with reduced amounts. These results suggest that high concentrations of polyamines retard senescence and completely inhibit ethylene production. ACC content, activities of ACC synthase and SAM decarboxylase were analyzed. Finally, the role of SAM in ethylene and polyamines biosynthesis will be discussed.

scholarly journals Postharvest physiology of cut flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Cavalcante da Costa ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira de Araujo ◽  
Wellington Souto Ribeiro ◽  
Mirelle Nayana de Sousa Santos ◽  
Fernando Luiz Finger
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
And Control

Abstract The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration.

Effect of quinclorac on auxin-induced growth, transmembrane proton gradient and ethylene biosynthesis in Echinochloa spp.

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Lopez-Martinez ◽  
Richard H. Shimabukuro ◽  
Rafael De Prado
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Elongation Growth ◽  
Ethylene Formation ◽  
Acc Content ◽  
Stimulation Of

The mechanism of action of quinclorac and its selectivity between rice and resistant (R), intermediately tolerant (I) and susceptible (S) Echinochloa spp. were investigated. The effect on the cell membrane potential (Em), stimulation of cell elongation growth, ACC production and ethylene formation were examined to verify the auxin characteristics of quinclorac and the possible mechanism of selectivity. Quinclorac did not induce cell elongation growth, neither did it cause hyperpolarization of Em due to the stimulation of H+ -ATPase activity. Quinclorac increased ethylene biosynthesis by increasing the ACC content in susceptible plants, possibly by affecting the autonomous auxin-regulated ACC synthase gene. Increased ethylene biosynthesis was correlated with the phytotoxicity of quinclorac. Ethylene biosynthesis due to quinclorac treatment in I and S biotypes increased 3 and 7 times, respectively, but quinclorac treatment had no effect on ethylene biosynthesis in R Echinochloa spp. and rice at the applied dosages. Quinclorac caused an increase of ACC concentration in the S biotype that was 2.5-fold more than the control. The addition of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor decreased the phytotoxicity of quinclorac. The mechanism of selectivity between susceptible and tolerant species/biotypes may be related to the formation of HCN as a coproduct during the stimulation of the ethylene biosynthesis caused by the herbicide only in susceptible grasses.

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