scholarly journals Variation in Flower Senescence and Ethylene Biosynthesis among Carnations

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1100-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda S. Brandt ◽  
William R. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Visible Symptom

We have investigated the patterns of ethylene biosynthesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) genotypes that exhibit extended vase life in comparison to flowers of White Sim'. `White Sim' flowers exhibited typical symptoms of senescence, including petal in-rolling and rapid wilting, beginning 5 days after harvest. In contrast, the other genotypes studied did not show petal in-rolling or rapid wilting associated with petal senescence. The first visible symptom of senescence in these flowers was necrosis of the petal tips, and it occurred from 3 to 7 days after the initial symptoms of senescence were seen in `White Sim' flowers. In all cases, the extended-vase-life genotypes did not exhibit the dramatic increase in ethylene production that typically accompanies petal senescence in carnation. This appeared to be the result of limited accumulation of ACC. In addition, flowers of these genotypes had limited capacity to convert ACC to ethylene. Therefore, we conclude that the low level of ethylene produced by these flowers during postharvest aging is the result of low activities of both ACC synthase and the ethylene-forming enzyme. Treatment of `White Sim' flowers at anthesis with 1.0 μl ethylene/liter resulted in the induction of increased ethylene biosynthesis and premature petal senescence. The extended-vase-life genotypes exhibited varying responses to ethylene treatment. One genotype (87-37G-2) produced elevated ethylene and senesced prematurely, as did flowers of `White Sim'. A second genotype (82-1) was induced to senesce by ethylene treatment but did not produce increased ethylene. A third genotype (799) was unaffected by ethylene treatment. The results of this study suggest these extended-vase-life genotypes are representative of genetic differences in the capacity to synthesize and respond to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY mRNAs DURING CARNATION FLOWER SENESCENCE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 580b-580
Author(s):  
William R. Woodson ◽  
Ky Young Park ◽  
Paul Larsen ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Sam Synthetase ◽  
Carnation Flower

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is associated with increased synthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. This ethylene serves to initiate and regulate the processes of programmed cell death. We are using molecular approaches to study the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in various floral organs during development and senescence of flowers. We have isolated and cloned mRNAs which encode the ethylene biosynthetic pathway enzymes s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from carnation flower petals. These cDNAs have been used as molecular probes to determine the steady-state mRNA levels of these transcripts in senescing flowers. The increase in ethylene associated with petal senescence is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of transcripts for both ACC synthase and EFE. In striking contrast, the level of SAM synthetase mRNA decreases significantly with the onset of petal senescence. Genomic DNA Southern blots reveal both ACC synthase and EFE are encoded by multigene families. We have recently isolated several genomic clones from carnation which represent different ACC synthase genes. The structure and organization of these gene will be presented.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodson ◽  
Shimon Mayak ◽  
Haim Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Postharvest physiology of cut flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Cavalcante da Costa ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira de Araujo ◽  
Wellington Souto Ribeiro ◽  
Mirelle Nayana de Sousa Santos ◽  
Fernando Luiz Finger
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
And Control

Abstract The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration.

scholarly journals 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE, A CATALASE INHIBITOR, PROLONGS CARNATION VASE LIFE.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127d-1127
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Electrophoretic Resolution

Sim-type carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. Elliot's White) continuously treated with 50 mM or 100 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) and held in the dark at 18°C did not exhibit a respiratory climacteric relative to dH2O-treated controls. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12-15 days post-harvest. Other triazoles were not effective in prolonging senescence. Amitrole appears to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis by blocking the enzyme-mediated conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Ethylene action appears to be progressively inhibited in that flowers held in treatment solution for 2 d or less responded to application of 10 uL/L exogenous ethylene whereas flowers held 10 d or longer exhibited no response. Electrophoretic resolution of total crude extracts evidenced protein synthesis as well as degradation. Western analysis and total activity assays showed an amitrole concentration-specific inhibition of catalase activity.

Expression and functional analysis of PhEOL1 and PhEOL2 during flower senescence in petunia

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanxu Liu ◽  
Ji Zhao ◽  
Zhina Xiao ◽  
Xinlei Chang ◽  
Guoju Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Two Hybrid

The ethylene biosynthesis pathway controls flower senescence. Previous studies have shown that Arabidopsis ETHYLENE-OVERPRODUCER1 (ETO1) interacts specifically with and negatively regulates type 2 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACSs), the rate-limiting enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis. The ethylene biosynthesis pathway controls flower senescence in petunias (Petunia hybrida Juss.). However, the role of ETO1-like genes (EOLs) during flower senescence has not been investigated. Here, two full-length petunia EOL cDNAs, PhEOL1 and PhEOL2, were isolated. RT–PCR assays indicated that the expression of PhEOL1 and PhEOL2 increased after exogenous ethylene treatment. The VIGS-mediated silencing of PhEOL1 accelerated flower senescence and produced more ethylene than the control condition, whereas the silencing of PhEOL2 did not. Notably, the effects caused by PhEOL1 suppression were not enhanced by PhEOL2 suppression in corollas. In addition, the expression of two petunia type 2 PhACS genes increased during flower senescence and after ethylene treatment. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that PhEOL1 interacts with both PhACS2 and PhACS3. It is possible that PhEOL1 is involved in flower senescence by interacting with type 2 PhACSs in petunias.

scholarly journals Post-pollination Signaling in Carnation Flowers

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 680c-680
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Jones ◽  
William R. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Carnation Flower

In Dianthus caryophyllus flowers the pollinated stigma gives rise to signals that are translocated throughout the flower and ultimately result in corolla senescence. Pollination leads to a rapid increase in ethylene production by the pollinated styles followed by ethylene biosynthesis from the ovaries, the receptacle tissue, and lastly the petals. The accumulation of ACC in these floral tissues also correlates with the sequential pattern of ethylene production. Ethylene production by the pollinated style can be defined temporally by three distinct peaks, with the first peak detected as early as 1 hour after pollination. In a carnation flower with multiple styles it is also possible to detect ethylene production from an unpollinated style on a pollinated gynoecium by 1 hour after pollination. This finding provides evidence for very rapid post-pollination signaling between styles. ACC synthase expression is induced in pollinated styles as early as 1 hour after pollination, but no message is detected in pollinated ovaries. ACC synthase enzyme activity is also absent in the pollinated ovaries despite the accumulation of large amounts of ACC in the ovary after pollination. This indicates that ACC must be translocated between organs after pollination. When a pollinated styles is removed from the flower at least 12 hours after pollination the corolla will still senesce. This indicates that the pollination signal has exited the style by this time. Evidence in carnations suggests that ACC and ethylene may both be involved in aspects of post-pollination signaling.

scholarly journals Involvement of Ethylene in Physiological Processes Determining the Vase Life of Various Hybrids of Mokara Orchid Cut Flowers

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Melada Wongjunta ◽  
Chalermchai Wongs-Aree ◽  
Shoshana Salim ◽  
Shimon Meir ◽  
Sonia Philosoph-Hadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Ethylene Inhibitors ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Bud Opening

There is limited information about the postharvest performance and physiology of Mokara orchid cut flowers, which are a special group of artificially created trigenetic hybrids of Vanda × Arachnis × Ascocentrum. Therefore, we first characterized the patterns of various physiological parameters during vase life of five Mokara hybrids, which differ in their longevity. Then, we examined the effects of ethephon and ethylene inhibitors on these physiological parameters, and on parameters of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, during vase life of two selected Mokara hybrids, “Moo-deang” and “Dao-lai”, which showed significant differences in their vase life duration and senescence symptoms. The results demonstrate that the differences in vase life longevity among the five Mokara hybrids are due to differences in their ethylene production rates, which regulate flower development processes expressed in bud opening and floret senescence. The results clearly show that ethylene is involved in the regulation of the Mokara flower senescence, and pretreatment with ethylene inhibitors significantly improved their vase life longevity. Thus, ethylene seems to be the main factor that determines the longevity differences of the Mokara hybrids, rather than their water relations parameters. This study can serve as a research tool for developing effective postharvest treatments for Mokara hybrids.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Nanobubble Water Delays Petal Senescence and Prolongs the Vase Life of Cut Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Flowers

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1662
Author(s):  
Longna Li ◽  
Qianlan Yin ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Cheng ◽  
Sheng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Dissolved Hydrogen

The short vase life of cut flowers limits their commercial value. To ameliorate this practical problem, this study investigated the effect of hydrogen nanobubble water (HNW) on delaying senescence of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). It was observed that HNW had properties of higher concentration and residence time for the dissolved hydrogen gas in comparison with conventional hydrogen-rich water (HRW). Meanwhile, application of 5% HNW significantly prolonged the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared with distilled water, other doses of HNW (including 1%, 10%, and 50%), and 10% HRW, which corresponded with the alleviation of fresh weight and water content loss, increased electrolyte leakage, oxidative damage, and cell death in petals. Further study showed that the increasing trend with respect to the activities of nucleases (including DNase and RNase) and protease during vase life period was inhibited by 5% HNW. The results indicated that HNW delayed petal senescence of cut carnation flowers through reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and initial activities of senescence-associated enzymes. These findings may provide a basic framework for the application of HNW for postharvest preservation of agricultural products.

scholarly journals 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole Prolongs Carnation Vase Life

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

Continuous postharvest treatment of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Elliot's White) with 50 or 100 mM aminotriazole significantly extended useful vase life relative to flowers held in distilled H2O. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12 to 15 days after harvest. The longevity of aminotriazole-treated flowers was extended to ≈18 days. The respiratory rate of aminotriazole-treated carnations was suppressed, and they exhibited no respiratory climacteric throughout the period of observation. The responsiveness of aminotriazole-treated flowers to exogenous ethylene appeared temporally regulated. Flowers treated with 50 mM aminotriazole for 2 days senesced in response to application of 10 μl exogenous ethylene/liter, whereas flowers treated for 24 days exhibited no morphological response to ethylene treatment. Chemical name used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole).

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