RESPONSES OF PAPAYA TO SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE OF INSECTICIDAL O2 ATMOSPHERE

Papaya (Carica papaya L., cv. Sunrise) fruits were exposed to a continuous flow of an atmosphere containing <0.4% 02 (the balance being N2) for 0 to 5 days at 20C. Decay was a major problem, and some fruit had developed off-flavors after 3 days in low O2 plus 3 days in air at 20C. The intolerance of the fruit to low O2 correlates with an increase in the activity of pyruvate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase but not with the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. Insecticidal O2 (< 0.4%) atmospheres can be used as a quarantine insect control treatment in papaya for periods <3 days at 20C without the risk of significant fruit injury.

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The Effect of High Concentrations of Ethylene on Seed Germination of Douglas Fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x75-058 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 419-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carey Borno ◽

Iain E. P. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Continuous Exposure ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

High Concentrations

Stratified, imbibed Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seeds were exposed to 100% ethylene for times between 0 and 366 h. Germination rate and germination percentage were increased by treatments up to 48 h. The 12-h treatment gave largest stimulation; 30% enhancement of final germination percentage over control. Treatment for 96 h caused increased germination rate for the first 5 days but reduced the germination percentage. Germinants were subject to continuous exposure to atmospheres containing 0.1 – 200 000 ppm ethylene in air, but it did not stimulate growth, and the gas was inhibitory above 100 ppm. Although some effects of high concentrations of ethylene may have been due to the lowering of oxygen supplies, this alone was insufficient to account for the full inhibitory effect. The mechanism of stimulation by short-term exposure to ethylene is discussed.

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Effects of Low-oxygen Atmosphere on Ethanolic Fermentation in Fresh-cut Carrots

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.122.1.107 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 122 (1) ◽

pp. 107-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi ◽

Alley E. Watada

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽

Oxygen Atmosphere ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Ethanolic Fermentation ◽

Fresh Cut ◽

Fermentation Metabolism

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) root shreds were stored under a continuous flow of 0.5% and 2% O2 (balance N2) or in air for 7 days at 5 and 15 °C to study the regulation of ethanolic fermentation metabolism. Low-O2 atmospheres of 0.5% and 2% caused increases in ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) compared to air. By day 3, ethanol increased 38-, 25-, 13-, and 9.5-fold; acetaldehyde increased 20-, 13-, 7.7-, and 5.6-fold; ADH increased 7.6-, 6.3-, 3.8-, and 2.7-fold; and PDC increased 4.2-, 3.9-, 2.3-, and 2.2-fold in samples at 0.5% O2 at 15 or 5 °C and at 2% O2 at 15 or 5 °C, respectively, compared with corresponding samples in air. These results indicate that ethanolic fermentation was accelerated more in the 0.5% than in the 2% O2 atmosphere and more at 15 °C than at 5 °C. The acceleration of ethanolic fermentation may allow production of some ATP, which may permit the carrot tissues to survive.

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METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH OXYGEN STRESS IN PEAR FRUITS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1355 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1355F-1356

Author(s):

George D. Nanos ◽

Roger J. Romani ◽

Adel A. Kader

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽

Insect Control ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Oxygen Stress ◽

Fruit Tissue ◽

Subsequent Recovery ◽

Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity

The response of pear fruits and suspension-cultured pear fruit cells to 0% or 0.25% O2 is being examined to evaluate the feasibility of using such atmospheres for postharvest insect control. These treatments inhibited ethylene production, had no effect on acetaldehyde content, and increased ethanol production in pears kept at 20C for 10 days. The blossom end area of pear fruits was more prone to anaerobiosis, as indicated by increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol content. Pear fruit plugs showed increased respiration and ethylene production rates when skin was present compared to plugs without skin. Methods for measuring activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate kinase have been modified and optimized and will be used to determine changes in pear fruit tissue during low O2 treatment and subsequent recovery in air.

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Inhibition or Promotion of Tomato Fruit Ripening by Acetaldehyde and Ethanol is Concentration Dependent and Varies with Initial Fruit Maturity

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.122.3.392 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 122 (3) ◽

pp. 392-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

John C. Beaulieu ◽

Mikal E. Saltveit

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Green Fruit ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Mass Basis

`Castlemart' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pericarp discs were used to study the physiological effects of acetaldehyde and ethanol on fruit ripening. Short-term exposure of discs from mature-green fruit to acetaldehyde vapors on a fresh mass basis (≤500 μg·g-1) or ethanol vapors (≤3 mg·g-1) promoted ripening, while higher concentrations inhibited ripening. Discs from mature-green fruit absorbed greater amounts of ethanol and produced significantly higher concentrations of acetaldehyde than discs from breaker fruit. Ripening was promoted by ethanol when the discs were unable to retain or produce a certain level of acetaldehyde. Inhibition of ripening by 4 hours of exposure to ethanol (6 mg·g-1) was almost completely abolished by hypobaric treatments (18 kPa for 24 hours). However, acetaldehyde-induced ripening inhibition (2 days exposure to 180 μg·g-1) was only slightly reduced by vacuum. Concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol that inhibited ripening reduced C2H4 production, whereas lower concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol that promoted ripening increased C2H4 production. Application of 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, enhanced acetaldehyde-induced ripening inhibition and reduced ethanol-induced ripening inhibition or promotion at all concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol tested. The inhibition or promotion of ripening of excised tomato pericarp discs by ethanol and acetaldehyde depended on initial fruit maturity, applied volatile concentration, and duration of exposure.

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Acute Response of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells to Loss of Pulsatility as Seen during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cells Tissues Organs ◽

10.1159/000512558 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Khanh T. Nguyen ◽

Leslie Donoghue ◽

Guruprasad A. Giridharan ◽

Jeffrey P. Naber ◽

Doug Vincent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Pulsatile Flow ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Short Term ◽

Aortic Endothelial Cells ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Flow Group ◽

Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) results in short-term (3–5 h) exposure to flow with diminished pulsatility often referred to as “continuous flow”. It is unclear if short-term exposure to continuous flow influences endothelial function, particularly, changes in levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines. In this study, we used the endothelial cell culture model (ECCM) to evaluate if short-term (≤5 h) reduction in pulsatility alters levels of pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic cytokine levels. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) cultured within the ECCM provide a simple model to evaluate endothelial cell function in the absence of confounding factors. HAECs were maintained under normal pulsatile flow for 24 h and then subjected to continuous flow (diminished pulsatile pressure and flow) as observed during CPB for 5 h. The ECCM replicated pulsatility and flow morphologies associated with normal hemodynamic status and CPB as seen with clinically used roller pumps. Levels of angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and hepatocyte growth factor were lower in the continuous flow group in comparison to the pulsatile flow group whereas the levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and placental growth factor were higher in the continuous flow group in comparison to the pulsatile flow group. Immunolabelling of HAECs subjected to continuous flow showed a decrease in expression of ANG-2 and VEGF-A surface receptors, tyrosine protein kinase-2 and Fms-related receptor tyrosine kinase-1, respectively. Given that the 5 h exposure to continuous flow is insufficient for transcriptional regulation, it is likely that pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic signaling observed was due to signaling molecules stored in Weible-Palade bodies (ET-1, IL-8, ANG-2) and via HAEC binding/uptake of soluble factors in media. These results suggest that even short-term exposure to continuous flow can potentially activate pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic signaling in cultured HAECs and pulsatile flow may be a successful strategy in reducing the undesirable sequalae following continuous flow CPB.

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RESPONSES OF “KEITT” MANGO TO SHORT TERM INSECTICIDAL O2 AND CO2 ATMOSPHERES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1096h ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1096h-1097 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Medina ◽

E.M. Yahia ◽

L. Vazquez ◽

A.M. Calderón

Keyword(s):

Pyruvate Kinase ◽

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Pyruvic Acid ◽

Insect Control ◽

Modified Atmosphere ◽

Controlled Atmosphere ◽

Short Term ◽

Off Flavors

The tolerance of “Keitt” mango to a modified atmosphere (MA) of < 0.5% O2 + 70-80% CO2 for 0 to 4 days and a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 50% CO2 for 0 to 5 days was evaluated. MA and CA delayed the respiratory climacteric of the fruit. There was no significant fruit injury due to the low O2 or high CO2 atmosphere, Sensory evaluation tests did not indicate the presence of any off-flavors. Both CA and MA increased the activity of the enzyme ATP: Phosphofructokinase, did not effect the activity of pyruvate kinase, and MA reduced the activity of PPi: phosphofructokinase. MA reduced the levels of frutose 6-phosphate, while phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvic acid were not effected by both atmosphere treatments Although insecticidal O2 and CO2 atmosphere resulted in changes in the glycolitic activity, there was no indication of any injury and fruits were ripened normally, This work indicates the potential of the application of M/CA for postharvest insect control in mango.

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RESPONSES OF “KEITT” MANGO TO SHORT TERM INSECTICIDAL O2 AND CO2 ATMOSPHERES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1096 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1096H-1097

Author(s):

F. Medina ◽

E.M. Yahia ◽

L. Vazquez ◽

A.M. Calderón

Keyword(s):

Pyruvate Kinase ◽

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Pyruvic Acid ◽

Insect Control ◽

Modified Atmosphere ◽

Controlled Atmosphere ◽

Short Term ◽

Off Flavors

The tolerance of “Keitt” mango to a modified atmosphere (MA) of < 0.5% O2 + 70-80% CO2 for 0 to 4 days and a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 50% CO2 for 0 to 5 days was evaluated. MA and CA delayed the respiratory climacteric of the fruit. There was no significant fruit injury due to the low O2 or high CO2 atmosphere, Sensory evaluation tests did not indicate the presence of any off-flavors. Both CA and MA increased the activity of the enzyme ATP: Phosphofructokinase, did not effect the activity of pyruvate kinase, and MA reduced the activity of PPi: phosphofructokinase. MA reduced the levels of frutose 6-phosphate, while phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvic acid were not effected by both atmosphere treatments Although insecticidal O2 and CO2 atmosphere resulted in changes in the glycolitic activity, there was no indication of any injury and fruits were ripened normally, This work indicates the potential of the application of M/CA for postharvest insect control in mango.

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Roles of alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase in low-temperature sweetening in tolerant and susceptible varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00911.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 130 (2) ◽

pp. 230-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Reena Grittle Pinhero ◽

Leslie J. Copp ◽

Clara-Lopez Amaya ◽

Alejandro G. Marangoni ◽

Rickey Y. Yada

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽

Low Temperature Sweetening

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Arabidopsis phenotyping reveals the importance of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase for aerobic plant growth

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73704-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irene Ventura ◽

Luca Brunello ◽

Sergio Iacopino ◽

Maria Cristina Valeri ◽

Giacomo Novi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Short Term ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Fermentative Metabolism ◽

Oxygen Shortage

Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) are key to the establishment of the fermentative metabolism in plants during oxygen shortage. Most of the evidence that both ADH and PDC are required for plant tolerance to hypoxia comes from experiments performed by limiting oxygen in the environment, such as by exposing plants to gaseous hypoxia or to waterlogging or submergence. However, recent experiments have shown that hypoxic niches might exist in plants grown in aerobic conditions. Here, we investigated the importance of ADH and PDC for plant growth and development under aerobic conditions, long-term waterlogging and short-term submergence. Data were collected after optimizing the software associated with a commercially-available phenotyping instrument, to circumvent problems in separation of plants and background pixels based on colour features, which is not applicable for low-oxygen stressed plants due to the low colour contrast of leaves with the brownish soil. The results showed that the growth penalty associated with the lack of functional ADH1 or both PDC1 and PDC2 is greater under aerobic conditions than in hypoxia, highlighting the importance of fermentative metabolism in plants grown under normal, aerobic conditions.

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