scholarly journals Arabidopsis phenotyping reveals the importance of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase for aerobic plant growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ventura ◽  
Luca Brunello ◽  
Sergio Iacopino ◽  
Maria Cristina Valeri ◽  
Giacomo Novi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Fermentative Metabolism ◽  
Oxygen Shortage

Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) are key to the establishment of the fermentative metabolism in plants during oxygen shortage. Most of the evidence that both ADH and PDC are required for plant tolerance to hypoxia comes from experiments performed by limiting oxygen in the environment, such as by exposing plants to gaseous hypoxia or to waterlogging or submergence. However, recent experiments have shown that hypoxic niches might exist in plants grown in aerobic conditions. Here, we investigated the importance of ADH and PDC for plant growth and development under aerobic conditions, long-term waterlogging and short-term submergence. Data were collected after optimizing the software associated with a commercially-available phenotyping instrument, to circumvent problems in separation of plants and background pixels based on colour features, which is not applicable for low-oxygen stressed plants due to the low colour contrast of leaves with the brownish soil. The results showed that the growth penalty associated with the lack of functional ADH1 or both PDC1 and PDC2 is greater under aerobic conditions than in hypoxia, highlighting the importance of fermentative metabolism in plants grown under normal, aerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Low-oxygen Atmosphere on Ethanolic Fermentation in Fresh-cut Carrots

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi ◽  
Alley E. Watada
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽  
Oxygen Atmosphere ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Ethanolic Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Fermentation Metabolism

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) root shreds were stored under a continuous flow of 0.5% and 2% O2 (balance N2) or in air for 7 days at 5 and 15 °C to study the regulation of ethanolic fermentation metabolism. Low-O2 atmospheres of 0.5% and 2% caused increases in ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) compared to air. By day 3, ethanol increased 38-, 25-, 13-, and 9.5-fold; acetaldehyde increased 20-, 13-, 7.7-, and 5.6-fold; ADH increased 7.6-, 6.3-, 3.8-, and 2.7-fold; and PDC increased 4.2-, 3.9-, 2.3-, and 2.2-fold in samples at 0.5% O2 at 15 or 5 °C and at 2% O2 at 15 or 5 °C, respectively, compared with corresponding samples in air. These results indicate that ethanolic fermentation was accelerated more in the 0.5% than in the 2% O2 atmosphere and more at 15 °C than at 5 °C. The acceleration of ethanolic fermentation may allow production of some ATP, which may permit the carrot tissues to survive.

scholarly journals Hypoxia and anoxia effects on alcohol dehydrogenase activity and hemoglobin content in Chironomus riparius Meigen, 1804

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Grazioli ◽  
Bruno Rossaro ◽  
Paolo Parenti ◽  
Roberto Giacchini ◽  
Valeria Lencioni
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adh Activity

<p>The metabolic effects of low oxygen content on alcohol-dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were investigated in IV-instar larvae of <em>Chironomus riparius </em>(Diptera: Chironomidae) from an Italian stream. Two series of short-term (48 h) experiments were carried out: exposure to (1) progressive hypoxia (95 to 5% of oxygen saturation) and (2) anoxia (at &lt;5% of oxygen saturation). In (1), Hb amount increased with increasing oxygen depletion up to a critical value of oxygenation (about 70% of oxygen saturation). Below this percentage, the Hb amount declined to values comparable with those present in the control. The respiration rate (R) remained almost constant at oxygen saturation &gt;50% and decreased significantly only after 48 h of treatment (= &lt;5% of oxygen saturation) reaching values &lt;100 mmolO<sub>2</sub> gAFDW<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. ADH activity showed two phases of growth, within the first 14 h and over 18 h of exposure. Overall, we inferred that i) Hb might function as short-term oxygen storage, enabling animals to delay the on-set of anaerobiosis; and ii) alcoholic fermentation co-occurs for a short time with aerobic respiration, becoming the prevalent metabolic pathway below 5% of oxygen saturation (&lt;1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>). These considerations were supported also by results from anoxia exposure (2). In such condition, larvae were visibly stressed, becoming immobile after few minutes of incubation, and ADH reached higher values than in the hypoxia treatment (2.03±0.15 UADH mg prot<sup>-1</sup>). Overall, this study showed a shift from aerobic to anaerobic activity in <em>C. riparius</em> larvae exposed to poorly oxygenated water with an associated alteration of ADH activity and the Hb amount. Such metabolites might be valid candidate biomarkers for the environmental monitoring of running waters.</p>

Effects of Handling and Salinity on Oxygen Requirements of the Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1823-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Chittenden Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Oxygen requirements of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, were studied at 0 and 10‰ salinity using combinations of handling and constantly decreasing oxygen concentrations. Effects of handling and salinity on oxygen requirements were negligible or absent. Successive and merging patterns of behavior at low oxygen concentrations were: restlessness, spasmodic swimming, surfacing, inactivity, equilibrium loss, and death. Mean oxygen levels with 99% confidence limits at restlessness, inactivity, equilibrium loss, and death were 1.81 ±.10, 1.28 ±.10, 0.95 ±.06, and 0.72 ±.04 mg/liter. Virtually no fish exhibited these behavior patterns until oxygen declined to 3.12, 2.19, 1.44, and 1.04 mg/liter, respectively; nearly all fish did at 0.91, 0.66, 0.62, and 0.50 mg/liter, respectively. Size of fish did not affect oxygen levels at death and equilibrium loss.Ventilation rate was maximum at 2.0–3.0 mg/liter and declined at lower concentrations. Amplitude was maximum at the beginning of inactivity then declined. Because short-term respiratory failure occurred at equilibrium loss, this behavior probably represents oxygen levels that would cause an abrupt fish-kill. Long-term respiratory failure at inactivity indicated that death would follow a period of resistance.There is no sharp distinction between suitable and unsuitable oxygen concentrations, because duration of exposure determines the intensity of the result even at lethal levels. Onset of restlessness (about 3 mg/liter at 16–19 C) probably represents the minimum permissible oxygen level for normal existence. Even this may be insufficient to maintain optimum populations of striped bass.

Seasonal and multiannual effects of salinisation on tomato yield and fruit quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Francesco Orsini ◽  
Rosanna Caputo ◽  
Maria Antonella Palermo ◽  
Giancarlo Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Ionic Toxicity ◽  
Short And Long Term

The effects of short- and long-term salinisation were studied by comparing tomato growth on a soil exposed to one-season salinisation (short term) vs growth on a soil exposed to >20 years salinisation (long term). Remarkable differences were associated to substantial modifications of the soil physical-chemical characteristics in the root zone, including deteriorated structure, reduced infiltration properties and increased pH. Fresh yield, fruit number and fruit weight were similarly affected by short- and long-term salinisation. In contrast, the marketable yield was significantly lower in the long-term salinised soil – a response that was also associated to nutritional imbalance (mainly referred to P and K). As reported for plants growing under oxygen deprivation stress, the antioxidant capacity of the water soluble fraction of salinised tomato fruits was enhanced by short-term salinisation, also. Overall, long-term salinisation may cause physiological imbalances and yield reductions that cannot be solely attributed to hyperosmotic stress and ionic toxicity. Therefore, the ability of plants to cope with nutritional deficiency and withstand high pH and anoxia may be important traits that should be considered to improve plant tolerance to long-term salinised soils.

scholarly journals Effects of Short-Term Root Cooling before Harvest on Yield and Food Quality of Chinese Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Alboglabra Bailey)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 577
Author(s):  
Fang He ◽  
Björn Thiele ◽  
David Kraus ◽  
Souhaila Bouteyine ◽  
Michelle Watt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Variables

Vegetable product quality is an important consideration for consumers. Long-term root cooling could improve certain food quality of horticultural crops, but often comes at the expense of reduced shoot biomass or yield. Since few studies have investigated how fast Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Bailey) responds to changes of root temperature, we shortened the duration of the root cooling treatment to one week before harvest to make the production system more effective. The aim of this study was to improve the food quality of Chinese broccoli without causing deleterious effects on plant growth and yield. The seedlings were cultivated hydroponically at two root temperatures (10 and 20 °C) during the last week prior to harvest in summer 2018 (Exp-1) and autumn 2019 (Exp-2). Plant growth, yield, physiological variables, soluble sugars, total chlorophyll, glucosinolates and mineral elements concentration were examined. The results showed that the yield reduction was alleviated compared to results over the long-term. Specifically, yield was not affected by root cooling in Exp-1 and reduced by 18.9% in Exp-2 compared to 20 °C. Glucose and fructose concentrations of the leaves were increased when the root temperature was 10 °C in both experiments with a more pronounced impact in Exp-2. In addition, root cooling produced a significant accumulation of individual glucosinolates, such as progoitrin, gluconapin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, in the stems of Exp-1 and the leaves of Exp-2. Minerals, such as N, showed reductions in the shoot, but accumulation in the root. Therefore, compared to long-term root cooling, short-term (one week) reduction of the root temperature is more economical and could help improve certain quality characteristics of Chinese broccoli with less or even no yield reduction.

scholarly journals Fermentative Metabolism and Organic Acid Concentrations in Fruit of Selected Strawberry Cultivars with Different Tolerances to Carbon Dioxide

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pablo Fernández-Trujillo ◽  
Jacqueline F. Nock ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Fermentative Metabolism ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Effects of 20 kPa CO2 treatments on concentrations of fermentation products, organic acids, and activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), were measured in fruit of selected strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. `Annapolis', `Cavendish', `Honeoye', `Kent', `Jewell', `Lateglow', and `NorthEast'). Acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethyl acetate concentrations accumulated in CO2-treated fruit of `Honeoye' and `Kent', but not in `Cavendish' or `Annapolis'. The former two cultivars were classified as intolerant to high CO2 and the latter two as tolerant to high CO2. Activities of PDC and ADH were higher in CO2-treated than in air-treated fruit of the tolerant cultivars but not in the intolerant cultivars. Succinate accumulated in fruit of all cultivars, but concentrations were higher in the tolerant than in the intolerant cultivars. Results are discussed in relation to tolerance of fruit to CO2.

Is long-term hypoxia met by the Pasteur effect in roots of wheat seedlings?

1994 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Albrecht ◽  
E.-M. Wiedenroth
Keyword(s):  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Pasteur Effect ◽  
Metabolic Arrest ◽  
Oxygen Shortage ◽  
Anaerobic Environment

SynopsisIt has been argued, whether or not the Pasteur effect occurs in plant tissues as a response to long-term hypoxia. To study this question roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Alcedo) were analysed following acclimation to oxygen shortage by a prior 6-d-cultivation in a nitrogen-flushed nutrient solution. A Pasteur Quotient of approximately one suggested the absence of a significant Pasteur effect. This conclusion was supported by finding an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates.A progressive adaptation of hypoxically pretreated wheat roots was indicated by measurements under low oxygen tension of 2 kPa, when half of the produced carbon dioxide was generated by fermentation (Gas exchange Quotient, GQ≈2.1) with no apparent increase in the glycolytic substrate flux. The remaining oxygen uptake was even higher in hypoxically grown roots than in the aerobically grown control specimens. When whole seedlings were placed in oxygen-free conditions for 2 h, roots of seedlings pretreated hypoxically suffered a 50% loss in the concentration of ATP, while 90% of the ATP was lost in roots transferred from an aerated solution directly into an anaerobic environment. This was interpreted as an improvement in hypoxia tolerance by minimising the fermentation rate (low PQ) but in particular the ATP requirements by metabolic arrest strategies.

scholarly journals Silicon Regulates Source to Sink Metabolic Homeostasis and Promotes Growth of Rice Plants under Sulfur Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Réthoré ◽  
Nusrat Ali ◽  
Jean-Claude Yvin ◽  
Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Si Supply

Being an essential macroelement, sulfur (S) is pivotal for plant growth and development, and acute deficiency in this element leads to yield penalty. Since the last decade, strong evidence has reported the regulatory function of silicon (Si) in mitigating plant nutrient deficiency due to its significant diverse benefits on plant growth. However, the role of Si application in alleviating the negative impact of S deficiency is still obscure. In the present study, an attempt was undertaken to decipher the role of Si application on the metabolism of rice plants under S deficiency. The results showed a distinct transcriptomic and metabolic regulation in rice plants treated with Si under both short and long-term S deficiencies. The expression of Si transporters OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 was reduced under long-term deficiency, and the decrease was more pronounced when Si was provided. The expression of OsLsi6, which is involved in xylem loading of Si to shoots, was decreased under short-term S stress and remained unchanged in response to long-term stress. Moreover, the expression of S transporters OsSULTR tended to decrease by Si supply under short-term S deficiency but not under prolonged S stress. Si supply also reduced the level of almost all the metabolites in shoots of S-deficient plants, while it increased their level in the roots. The levels of stress-responsive hormones ABA, SA, and JA-lle were also decreased in shoots by Si application. Overall, our finding reveals the regulatory role of Si in modulating the metabolic homeostasis under S-deficient condition.

scholarly journals RESPONSES OF PAPAYA TO SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE OF INSECTICIDAL O2 ATMOSPHERE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1174f-1174
Author(s):  
E.M. Yahia ◽  
M. Rivers ◽  
O. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Pyruvate Decarboxylase ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evaluation Period ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Off Flavors

Papaya fruits were exposed to a continuous flow of an atmosphere containing less than 0.5% O2 (the balance is N2) for 0 to 5 days at 20°C. Fruits were evaluated every day after exposure to low O2 atmosphere, and simultaneously after 3 days in air at 20°C. During every evaluation period part of the fruits were promptly frozen for the analysis of the activity of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pyruvic acid. The rest of the fruits were evaluated for flesh firmness, external and internal appearance, incidence of decay, and presence of off–flavors. Fruits had major decay problems and presented some off–flavors after 3 days in low O2 and 3 days in air at 20°C. The intolerance of the fruit to low O2 is, correlated with an increase, after 3 days, in the activity of ADH and PDC but not with the activity of LDH. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that insecticidal O2 atmosphere can be used as a quarantine insect control treatment in papaya for up to 3 days without the risk of significant fruit injury.

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