scholarly journals Zoysiagrass Rooting and Drought Tolerance are Reduced by Frequent Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 798B-798
Author(s):  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
J.D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Resistance Data ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Textbook recommendations suggest that turf should be watered deeply and infrequently to encourage drought resistance. Data supporting this recommendation are lacking, however. Studies were done to determine the influence of irrigation frequency on `Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) rooting and drought resistance. Turf was established on a silt loam soil in 27-cm-diameter by 92-cm-deep containers in the greenhouse. Irrigation was performed daily or at the onset of wilt with a water volume equal to daily or cumulative evapotranspiration of well-watered turf in small weighing lysimeters. After 90 days of irrigation treatments, a dry-down was imposed during which no additional water was applied for >50 days. Compared to turf irrigated daily, turf watered at the onset of wilt exhibited: i) lower (more-negative) leaf water and osmotic potentials prior to the onset of drought; ii) higher leaf water potential and better turf quality at the end of dry-down; and iii) deeper rooting as indicated by lower soil moisture content at 50- and 70-cm depths at the end of dry down.

scholarly journals Irrigation Frequency Affects Zoysiagrass Rooting and Plant Water Status

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
J.D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Leaf Rolling ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate

`Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) was established on a silt loam soil in 27-cm-diameter × 92-cm-deep containers in a greenhouse to investigate the influence of irrigation frequency on turfgrass rooting and drought tolerance. Turf was irrigated daily or at the onset of leaf rolling with a water volume equal to the cumulative evapotranspiration of well-watered turf in small weighing lysimeters. After >90 days of irrigation treatments, a dry-down was imposed during which no additional water was applied for 55 days. A recovery period followed during which time turf was watered to maintain soil matric potential at greater than –30 kPa. Compared to turf irrigated daily, that watered at the onset of leaf rolling exhibited 1) 32% to 36% lower leaf water potential and 14% to 22% lower osmotic potential before the onset of drought; 2) 13% higher leaf water potential ≈40 days into dry-down; 3) more extensive rooting at 55- and 75-cm soil depths as indicated by 11% to 19% lower volumetric soil moisture content at the end of dry-down; 4) 25% to 40% lower shoot growth rate during irrigation and 13% to 33% higher shoot growth rate during dry-down; and 5) higher quality ratings during dry-down and recovery. Thus, deep, infrequent irrigation better prepares zoysiagrass for an oncoming drought than light, frequent irrigation.

Drought survival of Australian rainforest seedlings is influenced by species evolutionary history and soil type

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Curran ◽  
Peter J. Clarke ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Drought Survival ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Tree Distributions ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Water availability influences regional tree distributions in rainforests, often by affecting survival of seedlings. The occurrence of ‘dry rainforest’ species in subhumid climates has been attributed to the evolution of drought-resistant species from their mesic rainforest congeners. Many genera are found in both dry and mesic rainforest of Australia but the extent to which this is due to differential drought resistance has not been confirmed experimentally. We compared drought survival within three congeneric pairs of dry and mesic rainforest taxa in a glasshouse dry-down experiment. Soil type could also play a role, with dry rainforests mostly occurring on fine-textured soils such as loams, which have a high available water-holding capacity, compensating for lower rainfall. Hence, we grew plants in loam or sand soil. In all pairs, the dry rainforest taxon was better able to survive drought, providing support for the climate-induced evolution of a dry rainforest flora and further confirming that drought resistance of seedlings can shape tree species distributions at regional scales. Two of three pairs had higher seedling survival on basalt-derived loam soil, suggesting that such soils may aid seedling persistence during drought. Over evolutionary time, this may have resulted in the high fidelity of dry rainforest for these soils.

scholarly journals POTASSIUM RATE AND MOISTURE STRESS: CHANGES IN LEAF WATER RELATIONS OF `BONFIRE' SALVIA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 851a-851
Author(s):  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Robert P. Wright ◽  
John R. Seller
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Leaf water relations and gravimetric water loss as influenced by K rate (25, 75, 150, 300, 450 and 600 ppm) and moisture stress conditioning (MSC - exposing plants to 4 sub-lethal dry down cycles) were determined for salvia (Salvia splendens `Bonfire'). K rate and MSC had a synergistic effect on leaf osmotic potentials. Osmotic potentials at both full and zero turgor decreased with increasing K rate and MSC. Differences between MSC and no-MSC plant osmotic potentials increased as K rate increased. Active osmotic adjustment with increasing K rate and MSC resulted in increased cellular turgor potentials. Both high K rates and MSC reduced plant gravimetric water loss on a unit leaf area basis.

EFFECT OF METHOD OF IRRIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTS IN A CHIN LOAM SOIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
E. H. Hobbs ◽  
G. C. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Salt ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Irrigation Practices

Fields of Chin loam soil, one irrigated by sprinkler methods and the other by surface methods, were sampled to a depth of 5 feet. Analysis of the samples showed the soluble salt content of the sprinkled field, at all depths sampled, to be consistently higher than that of the surface-irrigated field. It is suggested that present sprinkler irrigation practices in this area should be modified to provide additional water for leaching purposes.

Variation in water potential components among half-sib families of shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata) in response to soil drought

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Elastic Modules

To assess family differences in response to drought, various water potential components of seedlings from six half-sib families of shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) were compared under control (well-watered) and drought conditions. Drought stress resulted in significant changes in water relations parameters of the seedlings between treatments and among families. Although both Montgomery (103) and Pope (322) families had a superior capacity to adjust osmotically to both treatments, Montgomery (103) family exhibited greater potential to adapt to droughty environments through having the lowest values of osmotic potential both at maximum turgor and at the turgor loss point and having the highest values of (i) mean volume of osmostic water at the turgor loss point per volume of symplasmic water, (ii) symplasmic water volume per total shoot water volume, (iii) maximum bulk elastic modules, and (iv) turgor potential. Families Polk (115) and Scott (202) showed intermediate responses to drought. Both Scott (219) and Yell (342) families showed the lowest ability for osmotic adjustment to both treatments, but Yell (342) family revealed even lower drought resistance responses. Results from this study may provide the means of screening families that have high drought resistance potential during the field establishment period.

Leaching of Oxyfluorfen in Container Media

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Bentgrass was used to bioassay oxyfluorfen in leaching experiments done in columns of soilless potting media and soils, with herbicide incorporated into the upper 2 to 4 cm. Depth of herbicide leaching increased in order in the following soils: peat and sand (1:1) mix, Stockton clay soil, Yolo fine sandy loam soil, and redwood bark and sand (3:1) mix. Depth of leaching was not related to soil organic matter content. Equilibration experiments showed that peat adsorbed 4 to 5 times more oxyfluorfen than redwood bark. Less leaching was observed in potting mixtures containing peat than bark. Raising the oxyfluorfen dose from 20 to 200 ppmw increased the depth of leaching and concentration of herbicide in the leachate, while a 10-fold increase in water volume had only a limited effect. Twenty ppmw of oxyfluorfen incorporated in the top of a peat-containing potting medium has a low risk of leaching out of the container.

EXCISED-LEAF WATER RETENTION CAPABILITY AS AN INDICATOR OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Triticum GENOTYPES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE ◽  
THOMAS N. McCAIG
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Large Numbers

Excised-leaf water retention was studied in 25 Triticum aestivum and 16 T. turgidum var. durum genotypes, as well as in 52 lines from a cross of high- and low-retention durums. A system of tared dishes, carrier trays and a data entry device interfaced with an electronic balance was used to facilitate handling large numbers of samples. At each sampling, four of the newest fully expanded leaves were taken from each plot, weighed, and then re weighed at intervals after standing in a control led-environment room and after oven drying. Weighing of leaves 24 h after excision resulted in poor separation of genotypes, particularly late in the season. A 6- to 10-h interval improved differentiation between genotypes. Initial leaf water content tended to decline over the growing season, while the amount of water lost in 24 h tended to remain relatively constant. In the hexaploid cultivars Columbus lost water slowest, while NB112 lost water fastest; in the durums, Pelissier was slowest, Hercules was fastest. Fifty-two lines from a Hercules × Pelissier cross exhibited a range of retention capabilites between the parental values. There was a low-order, but significant, positive correlation between yield and flag-leaf water retention in this material.

Response of sugarbeets to irrigation frequency and cutoff on a clay loam soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Howell ◽  
L.H. Ziska ◽  
R.L. McCormick ◽  
L.M. Burtch ◽  
B.B. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Clay Loam ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Seasonal and diurnal variation in the stomatal conductance and paraheliotropism of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata) in the field

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Foster ◽  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Daniel Real ◽  
Padmaja Ramankutty ◽  
Hans Lambers
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Bituminaria Bituminosa ◽  
Pasture Plant ◽  
Perennial Legumes

The mechanisms of drought resistance in perennial legumes are poorly understood. We explored the diurnal and seasonal variation (May, August, February) in stomatal conductance (gs) and paraheliotropism of three tedera accessions (Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), both perennial legumes, grown in the field. For the tedera accessions, there was a significant reduction in gs during the day in May (late autumn) and February (summer), but there was little reduction for lucerne. The peak leaf angle in the tedera accessions ranged from <40° to 70°, whereas for lucerne, the leaf angle was nearly parallel to incident light at 85°. Leaf water-use efficiency, relative leaf water content and leaf retention were higher for the tedera accessions than for lucerne in February. These results highlight the superior drought resistance of tedera compared with lucerne. The reduction in gs over the day in tedera shows the capacity of this species to reduce water loss quickly when conditions for CO2 fixation relative to water loss are highly unfavourable. The high retention of leaves in summer by tedera is a valuable trait for a perennial pasture plant in Mediterranean environments. Leaf folding, combined with effective stomatal control in summer, provides tedera with a set of physiological responses that confer high drought resistance.

scholarly journals Silicon Application Increases Drought Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass by Improving Plant Water Relations and Morphophysiological Functions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah Saud ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Turf Quality

Drought stress encumbers the growth of turfgrass principally by disrupting the plant-water relations and physiological functions. The present study was carried out to appraise the role of silicon (Si) in improving the drought tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.). Drought stress and four levels (0, 200, 400, and 800 mg L−1) of Si (Na2SiO3·9H2O) were imposed after 2 months old plants cultured under glasshouse conditions. Drought stress was found to decrease the photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, relative growth rate, water use efficiency, and turf quality, but to increase in the root/shoot and leaf carbon/nitrogen ratio. Such physiological interferences, disturbances in plant water relations, and visually noticeable growth reductions in Kentucky bluegrass were significantly alleviated by the addition of Si after drought stress. For example, Si application at 400 mg L−1significantly increased the net photosynthesis by 44%, leaf water contents by 33%, leaf green color by 42%, and turf quality by 44% after 20 days of drought stress. Si application proved beneficial in improving the performance of Kentucky bluegrass in the present study suggesting that manipulation of endogenous Si through genetic or biotechnological means may result in the development of drought resistance in grasses.

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