scholarly journals CITPATH: Diagnostic and Hypertext Software for Fungal Diseases of Citrus Foliage and Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 899A-899
Author(s):  
James J. Ferguson ◽  
Fedro S. Zazueta ◽  
Juan I. Valiente
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Diagnostic Key ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Development And Management

Fungal diseases have their greatest impact on citrus in Florida by reducing tree vigor, fruit yield, and quality. Given the complex etiology of these diseases, this software was developed to facilitate diagnosis of symptoms and to explain the dynamics of Alternaria brown spot of mandarins, greasy spot, melanose, Phytophthora brown rot, post-bloom fruit drop, and sour orange scab. CITPATH includes a diagnostic key to identify symptoms of the major fungal diseases of citrus foliage and fruit in Florida and a hypertext program containing a description and graphic display of symptoms, maps of geographic occurrence, diagrams of disease development, and management strategies. Users can also consult a list of citrus cultivars susceptible to specific diseases and a reciprocal list of diseases affecting specific cultivars. Chemical control methods are discussed briefly with reference to the current Florida Citrus Spray Guide, a hardcopy of which is included with the software purchase. Developed for commercial growers, county extension programs, citrus horticulture classes, and master gardeners, this software is available on CD-ROM disks containing other citrus databases and as a separate disk for MS-DOS-based computers.

scholarly journals CITPATH: Diagnostic and Hypertext Software for Fungal Diseases of Citrus Foliage and Fruit

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Ferguson ◽  
Fedro S. Zaueta ◽  
Juan I. Valiente
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Diagnostic Key ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Graphic Displays

CITPATH, a computerized diagnostic key and information system, was developed to identify the major fungal diseases of citrus foliage and fruit in Florida. This software provides hypertext-linked descriptions and graphic displays of symptoms, maps of geographic occurrence, diagrams of disease development, and management strategies, with reference to chemical control methods detailed in the current Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide. Reciprocal lists of citrus cultivars susceptible to specific diseases and diseases affecting specific cultivars are included. Developed for commercial growers, county extension programs, citrus horticulture classes, and master gardeners, this software is available for MS-DOS-based computers and on CD-ROM disks containing other citrus databases.

scholarly journals Current Status and Potential of RNA Interference for the Management of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Thrips Vectors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Alexander Nilon ◽  
Karl Robinson ◽  
Hanu R. Pappu ◽  
Neena Mitter
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the genus Orthotospovirus in the family Tospoviridae and order Bunyavirales. TSWV, transmitted by several species of thrips, causes significant disease losses to agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide, impacting both the yield and quality of the produce. Management strategies include growing virus-resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and managing thrips vectors through pesticide application. However, numerous studies have reported that TSWV isolates can overcome host-plant resistance, while thrips are developing resistance to pesticides that were once effective. RNA interference (RNAi) offers a means of host defence by using double-stranded (ds) RNA to initiate gene silencing against invading viruses. However, adoption of this approach requires production and use of transgenic plants and thus limits the practical application of RNAi against TSWV and other viruses. To fully utilize the potential of RNAi for virus management at the field level, new and novel approaches are needed. In this review, we summarize RNAi and highlight the potential of topical or exogenous application of RNAi triggers for managing TSWV and thrips vectors.

scholarly journals Investigation of Fungi Causing Twig Blight Diseases on Peach Trees in South Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha H. Froelich ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Cambium Layer ◽  
Twig Blight ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Prevalent Species

A survey of fungal pathogens causing twig blight on commercial peach trees was conducted in South Carolina in the fall of 2016. Shoots with cankers, pycnidia, and dieback were collected from six locations around the state. Isolates obtained from these samples were identified as Botryosphaeria obtusa, Phomopsis amygdali, Leucostoma persoonii, and Cytospora sp., based on colony morphology, conidia size and shape, and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. L. persoonii was the most prevalent species and was isolated in five of the six locations, followed by P. amygdali and B. obtusa. The sensitivity of representative isolates of B. obtusa, P. amygdali, and L. persoonii to fungicides of different FRAC codes was evaluated. All species tested were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl (FRAC 1) and pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin (both FRAC 11), whereas all species were resistant to boscalid and fluopyram (both FRAC 7). P. amygdali and B. obtusa were sensitive to difenoconazole and propiconazole (both FRAC 3), whereas L. persoonii was moderately resistant. L. persoonii was the most virulent species based on expansion of mycelium in the cambium layer of 2-year-old, detached twig pieces. Bacterial spot (BS)-sensitive cultivar ‘O’Henry’ was most susceptible to B. obtusa compared with BS-sensitive ‘Summerprince’, brown rot (BR)-resistant ‘Contender’, and BR-sensitive ‘Coronet’ but was least susceptible to L. persoonii. Coronet was most susceptible to L. persoonii. There were no significant differences between susceptibility of the cultivars to P. amygdali. This study established that L. persoonii is currently the most frequent twig blight pathogen in South Carolina, perhaps owing to its superior fitness. Some fungicides were effective in controlling all twig blight pathogens and may therefore be useful for chemical management strategies. Our study also provides the first evidence that the genetic basis of resistance to BS and BR in peach trees is not necessarily linked to tolerance to wood pathogens.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Discharge and Germination of Ascospores by Apothecia of Monilinia fructicola

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxue Hong ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Fresno County ◽  
Ascospore Germination ◽  
Daily Discharge ◽  
Germ Tubes

Naturally growing apothecia of Monilinia fructicola were collected from two commercial plum orchards near Reedley and Sanger, both in Fresno County, California. Ascospore discharges from 90 (1996) and 86 (1997) apothecia were monitored individually using spore traps at four constant temperatures. The period of discharge decreased as temperature increased from 10 to 25°C. However, daily discharge increased as temperature increased from 10 to 15°C and remained high at 20 and 25°C. The greatest discharge occurred with apothecia at 15°C, followed by those incubated at 20, 10, and 25°C. The germination of ascospores of M. fructicola and the length of germ tubes increased as temperature increased from 7 to 15°C; however, increasing temperatures above 15°C did not increase either ascospore germination or length of germ tubes. This information may help in the development of warning systems and management strategies for brown rot blossom blight of stone fruits.

scholarly journals 39 Management of cereal-grain forages for yield and quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
Wayne K Coblentz ◽  
Matthew Akins
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Winter Annuals

Abstract Cereal-grains have a long history of providing quality forage for livestock operations. Our objective is to review the existing literature and describe the principle factors controlling the yield and quality of cereal-grain forages. Generally, cereal-grain forage production can occur via management scenarios that include: 1) winter-annuals planted during fall and then grazed or harvested the following spring; 2) cereals not requiring vernalization planted during early spring and harvested during late-spring or summer; and 3) cereals not requiring vernalization planted during late-summer and harvested before winter. Winter-annuals planted during fall also are used extensively for fall grazing, particularly for backgrounding stocker cattle. The requirement for vernalization before plants elongate and produce viable seed plays a large role in synchronizing management strategies with producer goals. For example, maximization of fall growth can be attained by choosing a species or cultivar that does not require vernalization and will elongate, but this choice will likely eliminate winter survival and subsequent spring forage production. Ambient temperature during plant maturation affects lignin formation positively; therefore, forages grown during cooler fall temperatures will typically exhibit greater NDF digestibility than those maturing during summer. Most nutritional characteristics are influenced heavily by two competing processes that include the normal negative maturation effects that reduce the quality of most forages. However, this process is juxtaposed against the physiological process of grain fill, which can dilute concentrations of forage fiber components, increase energy density, and improve DM digestibility at advanced plant-growth stages. Digestibility of NDF declines with plant maturity, and generally is not affected by grain fill. A boot-stage harvest for silage often exhibits the most favorable nutritional characteristics for lactating dairy cows; however, producers making this management choice will need to accept a substantial yield penalty compared with a commonly recommended harvest at soft-dough stage, which would likely maximize yield.

scholarly journals Research Priorities for Rice Pest Management in Tropical Asia: A Simulation Analysis of Yield Losses and Management Efficiencies

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 672-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Willocquet ◽  
Francisco A. Elazegui ◽  
Nancy Castilla ◽  
Luzviminda Fernandez ◽  
Kenneth S. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Neck Blast ◽  
Rice Pest

A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed. This approach enabled the modeling of scenarios pertaining to different pest management strategies within the agroecological contexts of rice production and their associated pest injuries. Rice pests could be classified into two broad research priority-setting categories with respect to simulated yield losses and management efficiencies. One group, including weeds, sheath blight, and brown spot, consists of pests for which effective pest management tools need to be developed. The second group consists of leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown plant-hoppers, for which the efficiency of current management methods is to be maintained. Simulated yield losses in future production situations indicated that a new type of rice plant with high-harvest index and high-biomass production (“New Plant Type”) was more vulnerable to pests than hybrid rice. Simulations also indicated that the impact of deployment of host resistance (e.g., through genetic engineering) was much larger when targeted against sheath blight than when targeted against stem borers. Simulated yield losses for combinations of production situations and injury profiles that dominate current lowland rice production in tropical Asia ranged from 140 to 230 g m-2. For these combinations, the simulated efficiency of current pest management methods, expressed in terms of relative yield gains, ranged from 0.38 to 0.74. Overall, the analyses indicated that 120 to 200 × 106 tons of grain yield are lost yearly to pests over the 87 × 106 ha of lowland rice in tropical Asia. This also amounts to the potential gain that future pest management strategies could achieve, if deployed.

Use of Copper-Based Pesticides to Control Fungal Diseases of Soybean in Northern Brazil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warlles Domingos Xavier ◽  
João Vitor de Souza Silva ◽  
Claudinei Martins Guimarães ◽  
Jorge Luís Sousa Ferreira ◽  
Thiago Albuquerque Turozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Target Spot ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Soybean Diseases

At level word fungal diseases that affect soybean crop are one of the main causes of low productivity and annual losses may reach 21% of total production. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of copper-based protectors associated with fungicides to control soybean diseases such as: asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), target spot of soybean (Corynespora cassiicola) and cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii) + frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina) + brown spot (Septoria glycines), which together were considered as late-crop cycle diseases, with impact on grain yield, in the region of Aparecida do Rio Negro – TO, Brazil. Treatments were composed of different rates of copper-based pesticides associated with fungicides like Azimut® (first application), Orkestra® (second application), Ativum® (third application) and Horos® (fourth application) in soybean. Diseases were identified and crop damage evaluations on leaves were performed using LI-COR® portable meter 7 days after the fourth application. At physiological maturity, grain yield was evaluated. Combined rates of fungicides + Unizeb Gold® (1.5 kg ha-1), Difere® (0.5 L ha-1), and NHT® Copper Super at a rate higher than 0.109 L ha-1, were effective to control late crop-cycle diseases in soybean. Associated applications of fungicides + 0.219 L/ha of NHT® Copper Super reduced the severity of Asian soybean rust, target spot of soybean and late crop-cycle diseases with a greater increase in grain yield (4.5 Mg ha-1).

Deblossoming Monsoon Crop of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Surahi Affects Yield and Quality of Winter Crop

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azhar Bashir ◽  
Ammara Noreen ◽  
Muhammad Ikhlaq ◽  
Kashif Shabir ◽  
Faheem Altaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Winter Crop

Monsoon crop of guava is hit by fruit fly during July-August that results into huge loss to the producers. Spray of urea and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is used to drop flowers and fruits of monsoon crop to get higher yield of winter crop. This study was carried out at Fruit Orchard of Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur during 2015-2017 to determine the optimum concentration of selected chemicals to drop flowers and immature fruits of monsoon crop. Plants with distilled water spray were treated as control (T1). Other treatments included urea @ 5% and 10% (T2 & T3), NAA @ 0.05 and 0.1% (T4 & T5) as 1st spray and repeated the same spray after fortnight, combination of urea (5%) as 1st spray followed by NAA (0.05%) as 2nd spray (T6) or urea (10%) 1st spray followed by NAA (0.1%) as 2nd spray (T7). Consolidated means of parameters over two years’ study indicated that the highest fruit yield (68.6 kg/plant), the maximum weight per fruit (168.3 g), number of fruit/plant (375), pulp content (55.5%), pulp thickness (1.05 cm), total soluble solids (14.3 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (176.7 mg / 100 g pulp) and total sugars (7.6%) were obtained as a result of highest flower drop (96.7%) and fruit drop (76.9%) with lowest fruit set (2.9%) from non-target monsoon fruiting in response to 0.1% NAA (T5) sprayed twice at fortnight interval, proceeded after the application of 0.05% NAA two spray fortnightly (T4). The plants under control remained at bottom with respect to parameters i.e. flower and fruit drop, at top with highest fruit setting in monsoon crop that led to the lowest yield of winter crop.

scholarly journals A perspective on diuretic resistance in chronic congestive heart failure

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niel Shah ◽  
Raef Madanieh ◽  
Mehmet Alkan ◽  
Muhammad U. Dogar ◽  
Constantine E. Kosmas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Diuretic Therapy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chronic Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Diuretic Resistance ◽  
Pump Failure ◽  
Complex Disorder ◽  
Development And Management

Chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex disorder characterized by inability of the heart to keep up the demands on it, followed by the progressive pump failure and fluid accumulation. Although the loop diuretics are widely used in heart failure (HF) patients, both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic alterations are thought to be responsible for diuretic resistance in these patients. Strategies to overcome diuretic resistance include sodium intake restriction, changes in diuretic dose and route of administration and sequential nephron diuretic therapy. In this review, we discuss the definition, prevalence, mechanism of development and management strategies of diuretic resistance in HF patients.

scholarly journals Similarity, Pattern, and Grouping of Soybean Fungal Diseases in the United States: Implications for the Risk of Soybean Rust

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Li ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Similarity Coefficients

Ten biological or ecological characteristics of pathogens/diseases were used to quantitatively describe 34 soybean (Glycine max) fungal diseases in the United States. These characteristics included optimal temperatures for disease development, host ranges, characteristics of disease cycle, and the pathogens' survival capacity. Gower's general similarity coefficients for pairs of diseases were determined and used in principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to project the diseases into a two-dimensional space, in which significant patterns were identified for some of the characteristic variables, e.g., means of pathogen dispersal. Similarity coefficients indicated that soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resembled soybean downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) and Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (Leptosphaerulina trifolii). Cluster analysis with multiscale bootstrapping identified two major clusters with high significance level (P > 0.95). In a loose cluster (P = 0.86), soybean rust was grouped with brown spot (Septoria glycines), frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina), Phyllosticta leaf spot (Phyllosticta sojicola), purple seed stain (Cercospora kikuchii), downy mildew, and Leptosphaerulina leaf spot. Estimated soybean yield losses in the United States from 1996 to 2005 and the geographical distribution information of the diseases in this cluster implied that the potential geographical distribution range of soybean rust may include most U.S. soybean production regions and that yield losses would be light in the north but moderate in the south if environmental conditions are conducive.

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