scholarly journals Fresh-market Tomato Production in a Low-input Alternative System Using Cover-crop Mulch

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki ◽  
J.R. Teasdale ◽  
R. Korcak ◽  
D.J. Chitwood ◽  
R.N. Huettel
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Crimson Clover

A low-input sustainable agricultural system for the production of staked, fresh-market field tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is described. The system uses winter annual cover crops to fix N, recycle leftover nutrients, produce biomass, and prevent soil erosion throughout the winter and spring. Yields of tomato plants grown in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) plus hairy vetch mulches were higher than those grown in the conventional black polyethylene (BP) mulch system in 2 of 3 years. Fruit were heavier with the plant mulches than with BP mulch. Eight weeks after transplanting, N levels in tomato leaves were higher with plant than with BP mulch, although the plant mulch plots received only 50% of the N applied to the BP plots. The cover crops had no effect on populations of five phytoparasitic nematode species.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mixtures vs. Monocultures of Cover Crops for Fresh-market Tomato Production With and Without Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) and mixtures of rye with hairy vetch and/or crimson clover were compared for no-tillage production of staked, fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on raised beds. All cover crops were evaluated both with or without a postemergence application of metribuzin for weed control. Biomass of cover crop mixtures were higher than that of the hairy vetch monocrop. Cover crop nitrogen content varied little among legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop. The C:N ratio of legume monocrops and all mixtures was <30 but that of the rye monocrop was >50, suggesting that nitrogen immobilization probably occurred only in the rye monocrop. Marketable fruit yield was similar in the legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop when weeds were controlled by metribuzin. When no herbicide was applied, cover crop mixtures reduced weed emergence and biomass compared to the legume monocrops. Despite weed suppression by cover crop mixtures, tomatoes grown in the mixtures without herbicide yielded lower than the corresponding treatments with herbicide in 2 of 3 years. Chemical name used: [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one](metribuzin).

scholarly journals Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Intercrop Management in Fresh-market Vegetables

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasey N. Mwaja ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
Catherine E. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Snap Bean

The effect of cover-crop management on growth and yield of `Bravo' cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.), `Market Pride' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and `Mustang' snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was determined. Each fall, `Wheeler' winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and `Oregon Crown' hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were interseeded. The following spring, the cover crops were killed by either applying glyphosate and mowing (CC-G) or mowing and disking (CC-D). Trifluralin was preplant incorporated into bare ground as a conventional tillage (CT) treatment. In 1992 and 1993, a chicken (Gallus gallus L.) based fertilizer was applied to half the subplots. The greatest snap bean and cabbage yields were in CT. The system with the greatest tomato yields varied. In 1991, the greatest tomato yields were in the CT treatment, while in 1992 yields were greatest in the CT and CC-D treatments, and in 1993 the greatest yields were in CT and CC-G. Cabbage yields were greater in the fertilized than the unfertilized treatments. In 1992, infestations of diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, and cabbage looper were greater in CT than in the CC-G treatment. Three years of the CC-G treatment increased soil organic matter from 3.07% to 3.48% and increased soil pH from 6.30 to 6.51, while neither changed in the CT. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipro`pyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine (trifluralin).

scholarly journals COVER CROP AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATE INFLUENCES ON YIELDS OF SEQUENTIALLY PLANTED VEGETABLES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 570c-570
Author(s):  
Owusu A. Bandele ◽  
Marion Javius ◽  
Byron Belvitt ◽  
Oscar Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Mustard Green ◽  
N Rates

Fall-planted cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L. Poir), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were each followed by spring-planted 'Sundance' summer squash [Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.] and 'Dasher' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Squash and cucumber crops were followed by fall 'Florida Broadleaf mustard green [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak] and 'Vates' collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala group), respectively. The same vegetable sequences were also planted without benefit of cover crop. Three nitrogen (N) rates were applied to each vegetable crop. Squash following winter pea and crimson clover produced greater yields than did squash planted without preceding cover crop. Cucumber following crimson clover produced the greatest yields. No cover crop effect was noted with mustard or collard. Elimination of N fertilizer resulted in reduced yields for all crops, but yields of crops with one-half the recommended N applied were generally comparable to those receiving the full recommended rate.

Net returns and risk for cover crop use in Alabama tomato production

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah M. Duzy ◽  
Ted S. Kornecki ◽  
Kipling S. Balkcom ◽  
Francisco J. Arriaga
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Production System ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Net Returns

AbstractTomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) producers are faced with uncertain yields and prices, and utilizing a production system that will reduce risk while maintaining yield may keep tomato producers economically sustainable into the future. A conservation tillage production system with high biomass cover crops may be an economically viable alternative for tomato producers in Alabama. The objective of this study was to compare the economics of alternative production systems using different cover crops, such as cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), and different subsoiler shanks for fresh-market tomato production relative to a commonly used plastic mulch system to determine the preferred treatment. Gross revenues and net returns from tomato production using a rye cover crop were higher than tomato production using plastic mulch in 2 of the 4 years. For the clover cover crop, gross revenues and net returns were higher in 1 out of the 4 years. Under tomato prices and weather conditions observed during 2005–2008, the preferred treatment for a risk neutral producer was planting tomatoes into a rye cover crop with a wide shank. For a strongly risk averse producer, all cover crop treatments were preferred to plastic mulch. The use of a cover crop in tomato production has the potential to be an equally profitable, less risky alternative to plastic mulch in Alabama.

scholarly journals Screening Cover Crops for Use in Conservation Tillage Systems for Vegetables Following Spring Plowing

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 860-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Nelson ◽  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
B. Warren Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Cover Density

Several prospective cover crops were sown into 1-m2 monoculture plots on 9 Mar. 1987 and 10 Mar. 1988 at Bixby, Okla., and on 14 Mar. 1988 at Lane, Okla., after sites were plowed and fitted. Densities and dry weights of cover crops and weeds were determined in late April or early May of both years. Plots also were evaluated for degree of kill by glyphosate in 1988. Fourteen cover crops were screened at Bixby in 1987. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and three fescues (Festuca rubra L., Festuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaud.-Beaup., and Festuca elatior L.) were eliminated from further consideration due to inadequate cover density and inability to suppress weeds. Screenings of the 10 remaining covers were conducted at both locations in 1988. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and three small grains [rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)] were the most promising cover crops with respect to cover density, competitiveness against weeds, and degree of kill by glyphosate. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were the most promising legumes, but they generally were less satisfactory than the grassy covers in all tested aspects. A single application of glyphosate was ineffective in killing hairy vetch at both locations. Chemical name used: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate).

Weed Control Programs for Minimum-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Brown ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Annual Weeds

Eleven herbicide systems were evaluated from 1981 to 1983 for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 825’) planted no-till directly into cover crops or winter fallow and for cotton planted following conventional tillage. Herbicide systems consisted of paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and/or residual herbicides applied prior to crop emergence. Some systems also included early postemergence or postemergence-directed applications. Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.), and rye (Secale cerealeL.). Soil cover in fallow treatments was comprised mainly of cotton stalk residue. Conventional tillage and seedbed preparation included fall moldboard plowing and spring disking/smoothing. Treatments were maintained in the same site each year. Order of cover crop susceptibility to herbicides applied prior to crop emergence was rye>clover>vetch. In 1981, all residual treatments except cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} alone prior to crop emergence provided better than 80% control of annual weeds. In subsequent years only systems that included applications prior to crop emergence and postemergence-directed herbicides provided acceptable control. From 1981 to 1983, annual grasses increased 20- to 100-fold for systems in which control was poor. Weed control was generally superior in conventional tillage. Vetch adversely affected cotton stands in all 3 yr. Also, in 1982, reduced cotton stands resulted from cyanazine treatments applied prior to crop emergence in clover, vetch, and fallow. Cotton yields were affected by cover dessication, annual weed control, and cotton stands. Buildup of annual weeds reduced yields to near zero for some treatments in 1983.

scholarly journals STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING PESTICIDE AND FERTILIZER INPUTS IN PECAN ORCHARDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 730f-730
Author(s):  
N.R. Rice ◽  
M.W. Smith ◽  
R.D. Eikenbary ◽  
D.C. Arnold ◽  
W.L. Tedders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Hippodamia Convergens ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Green Lacewings ◽  
Lady Beetles

Annual legume ground covers were evaluated in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards to supply nitrogen and increase beneficial arthropods. Treatments were established at two sites, each with 5 ha of a `Dixie' crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) /hairy, vetch (Vicia villosa) mixture and 5 ha of grass sod. Data indicated that the legume mixture supplied over 100 kg·ha-1 N to the pecan trees. Beneficial arthropods were greater in orchards with legume ground covers than in orchards with a grass groundcover. Lady beetles and green lacewings were the most important spring predators, and green lacewings were the most important fall predator. The Species distribution on the ground covers differed from that in the canopy. Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella septempunctata were the most abundant lady beetle species in the legume ground covers, and Olla v-nigrum, Cycloneda munda, and Hippodamia convergens were the most abundant species in the pecan canopies. Beneficial arthropods appeared to suppress injurious pecan aphids.

Influence of legume cover crops and conservation tillage on soil populations of selected fungal genera

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Rothrock ◽  
W. L. Hargrove
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Legume Cover Crops ◽  
Legume Cover Crop

The influence of winter legume cover crops and of tillage on soil populations of fungal genera containing plant pathogenic species in the subsequent summer sorghum crop were examined in field studies. Legume cover crops significantly increased populations of Pythium spp. throughout the sorghum crop compared with a rye cover crop or no cover crop. This stimulation of the populations of Pythium spp. was not solely due to colonization of cover-crop residue, as populations were significantly greater at the time the legume cover crop was desiccated. Removal of aboveground residue generally decreased populations of Pythium spp. in soil. Incorporation of residue by tillage increased populations of Pythium spp. at some sampling dates. Legumes differed in the magnitude of stimulation, with hairy vetch stimulating Pythium spp. more than crimson clover. Cover crop treatments did not consistently influence soil populations of Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia-like binucleate fungi, or Macrophomina phaseolina. Macrophomina phaseolina populations were significantly greater under no tillage.

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