Growth Performance and Nutrient Composition of Mustard Green (Brassica juncea) cultured in Aquaponics Systems and Hydroponic System

Aquaculture waste is rich in various nutrient contents from uneaten feed, faeces or urine including nitrogen in terms of total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite. With the help of nitrifying bacteria, the nitrogen wastes can be converted into nitrate which is one of the main components of commercial fertilizer in agriculture. This study aimed at comparing the growth and nutrient contents (crude protein, crude fat, energy, and antioxidant) of mustard Green (Brassica juncea) cultured in different culture media (aquaculture waste which is generally known as the aquaponics system vs hydroponic system which used commercial inorganic fertilizer). The aquaponics system was prepared by previously growing Nile tilapia fingerling, Oreochromis niloticus, for ~2 weeks to reach nitrate concentration on the effluent water ~30mg/L. Mustard Green was cultured in the system for 30 days. Nutrient availability in both systems was also monitored by measuring nitrate content and total dissolved solids. The results showed that the growth, nutrient content including crude protein, crude fat, total energy, and antioxidant content of the vegetable were not significantly different between the system, p>0.05. Nutrient availability especially in terms of nitrate was also not significantly different between the culture system. These results suggest that the aquaponics system could be used to produce vegetables with the same growth and nutrient content as a vegetable grown in the aquaponics system. Furthermore, aquaculture waste can be used to replace inorganic fertilizer to grow vegetables which later contribute to the reduction of total production cost.

A study on the allelopathic activity and quantitative determination of total phenolicand flavonoid of six plants in the Asteraceae family

This study aims to determine the allelopathic activities of six plants that belong to Asteraceae family such as China wedelia (Wedelia chinensis), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), marigolds (Tagetes erecta), Mexico sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), and zinnia (Zinnia elegans) by applying their methanolic extracts on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) and mustard green (Brassica juncea) with different concentrations (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 g/ml). Results conducted from the study showed that the aqueous solutions extracted from the above-mentioned plants inhibited shoot and root length of barnyardgrass, mustard green at different intensity ranges in which cosmos aqueous extract gave the strongest impact, says, 23.01 and 97.54% of shoot length inhibition; 56.45 and 93.52% of root length inhibition at 0.3 and 1.0 g/ml respectively for mustard green. In case of barnyradgrass, the same results were also reported, says, 8.5 and 88.15% of shoot length inhibition; 36.35 and 99.99% of root length inhibition at 0.3 and 1.0 g/ml respectively. Total phenolic contents of the fresh plants of cosmos, China wedelia, sunflower, Mexico sunflower, marigolds and zinia were 4.51, 3.96, 1.05, 1.45, 3.61, and 0.99 mg/g, respectively; their total flavonoid contents were 1.58, 0.76, 0.29, 0.39, 0.65, and 0.45 mg/g, respectively. It is obvious that cosmos aqueous extract can be effectively and safely used for biological control of barnyardgrass.

Cold Plasma Treatment on Mustard Green Seeds and its Effect on Growth, Isothiocyanates, Antioxidant Activity and Anticancer Activity of Microgreens

The aims of this work were to study growth, isothiocyanate (ITC), bioactive content, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of mustard green (MG) microgreens grown from seeds treated with cold plasma at 21 and 23 kV for 5 min. Microgreens from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV showed almost 2-fold increased ITC content (1.57 ± 0.05 mmol/100 g DW) compared to MG from seeds without plasma (control), showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (6.76 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.16±0.01 mg RE/g DW). However, MG plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV showed the highest antioxidant activity from 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (3.51 ± 0.38 mg TE/g DW). Allyl isothiocyanate and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate were the dominant ITCs in MG. The highest cytotoxicities using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against MCF-7 (IC50 of 32.44 ± 1.64 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 28.58 ± 1.04 μg/mL) after 72 h exposure were found in MG from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV and MG from control seeds, respectively. However, MG from plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV exhibited the highest antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 (IC50 of 23.23 ± 0.23 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 20.44 ± 0.56 μg/mL) for 14 days and also the most potent antimigratory effect. MG from cold plasma inhibited MMP-9 protein expression in both cancers indicating antimigratory property. MG from cold plasma also significantly reduced MMP-9 mRNA expression in both cancers when compared to the control and untreated cells. In conclusion, cold plasma treatment on seeds seemed to be an innovative tool to enhance ITC, TPC, TFC and anticancer properties of MG microgreens for better health implications. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Genera Jamur Patogen dan Persentase Penyakit Bercak Daun yang ditemukan pada Pertanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea) di Desa Serang, Kecamatan Karangreja, Purbalingga

Green mustard (Brassica juncea) is an annual or horticultural plant of the Brassica genus. The purpose of this research is to knowledge the type of fungi that cause leaf spot disease on green mustard plants and to know the large percentage of leaf spot diseases caused by fungus on mustard greens in Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga. This research is used survey method by taking purposive random sampling at two different locations. The type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease on (B. juncea) mustard green can be identified by isolating the part of plants are sick then identified. Identification of fungi is doing by two stages of observation, that is observation macromorphological characters and micromorphological characters. Observation of macromorphological characters includes colony color, colony shape, the edge of colony shape and colony reverse color. Observation of the micromorphology character includes the presence of hyphae, hyphae (insulated or non-insulated), conidia shape, conidia color, additional devices and conidiophores. The next stage to find out the type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease is Koch's Postulate.The results obtained there is one type of disease in green mustard plants. Leaf spot is one of the diseases of mustard greens caused by the fungus Alternaria sp, with a frequency of leaf spot disease as many as 196 times, and the percentage of disease of 51,30%.

Uji Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Vermiwash dan Patogenisitas Pupuk Hayati VP3 Terhadap Enam Bibit Tanaman

Biofertilizer are formulas made from active ingredients of living organisms or latent (microbial), usually in liquid or solid form, have the ability to mobilize, facilitate and increase nutrient availability through biological processes that are not available into available forms. The aims of this research is to determine differences in growth after application of vermiwash and pathogenic effect of VP3 biofertilizer to six plant seeds: soybeans, long beans, chickpeas, kale, mustard greens, and spinach. This research was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of Malang Islamic University from March to May 2020. This research uses a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and it was repeated 6 times. This research suggests that the treatment of VP3 biofertilizer gave better results compared to other treatments on the parameters of seed height and fresh weight of plant seedlings tested. However, the kale gave a real effect only on seed height parameters and the application of VP3 biofertilizer did not show any signs of pathogenicity such as necrosis, wilting, root rot or stem tot on the six seedlings tested. Keywords : VP3 Biofertilizers, vermiwash, soybeans, long beans, chickpeans, kale, mustard green, spinach

PRODUKSI KARBONDIOKSIDA (CO,) SEBAGAI INDIKATOR RESPIRASI PADA BERBAGAI SAYURAN

The objective of the research was to determine the respiration rate of vegetable through calculating CO, content resulted from the respiration process. The nature of the research was experimental research which held in a laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Flores University. The result showed that respiration process released C02 and energy. Titration result in yam showed higher C02 content in comparison to cabbage and mustard green. However, the respiration rate of mustard green was higher than other vegetables. The logic behind the results was that the position and the number of stomata per area of the leaf determine respiration rate. In this case, the number of stomata on the mustard green was higher than other observed vegetables. In fact, the respiration rate of vegetables is determined by several factors. Specifically, some internal and external factors affect it, such as soluble matters availability, oxygen, temperature, type and development stage of plants. Morphologically, certain vegetables produce more moisture content than others, which is, in turn, produce low respiration rate.