Weed Control Programs for Minimum-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Brown ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Annual Weeds

Eleven herbicide systems were evaluated from 1981 to 1983 for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 825’) planted no-till directly into cover crops or winter fallow and for cotton planted following conventional tillage. Herbicide systems consisted of paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and/or residual herbicides applied prior to crop emergence. Some systems also included early postemergence or postemergence-directed applications. Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.), and rye (Secale cerealeL.). Soil cover in fallow treatments was comprised mainly of cotton stalk residue. Conventional tillage and seedbed preparation included fall moldboard plowing and spring disking/smoothing. Treatments were maintained in the same site each year. Order of cover crop susceptibility to herbicides applied prior to crop emergence was rye>clover>vetch. In 1981, all residual treatments except cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} alone prior to crop emergence provided better than 80% control of annual weeds. In subsequent years only systems that included applications prior to crop emergence and postemergence-directed herbicides provided acceptable control. From 1981 to 1983, annual grasses increased 20- to 100-fold for systems in which control was poor. Weed control was generally superior in conventional tillage. Vetch adversely affected cotton stands in all 3 yr. Also, in 1982, reduced cotton stands resulted from cyanazine treatments applied prior to crop emergence in clover, vetch, and fallow. Cotton yields were affected by cover dessication, annual weed control, and cotton stands. Buildup of annual weeds reduced yields to near zero for some treatments in 1983.

scholarly journals COVER CROP AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER RATE INFLUENCES ON YIELDS OF SEQUENTIALLY PLANTED VEGETABLES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 570c-570
Author(s):  
Owusu A. Bandele ◽  
Marion Javius ◽  
Byron Belvitt ◽  
Oscar Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Mustard Green ◽  
N Rates

Fall-planted cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L. Poir), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were each followed by spring-planted 'Sundance' summer squash [Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.] and 'Dasher' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Squash and cucumber crops were followed by fall 'Florida Broadleaf mustard green [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak] and 'Vates' collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala group), respectively. The same vegetable sequences were also planted without benefit of cover crop. Three nitrogen (N) rates were applied to each vegetable crop. Squash following winter pea and crimson clover produced greater yields than did squash planted without preceding cover crop. Cucumber following crimson clover produced the greatest yields. No cover crop effect was noted with mustard or collard. Elimination of N fertilizer resulted in reduced yields for all crops, but yields of crops with one-half the recommended N applied were generally comparable to those receiving the full recommended rate.

scholarly journals Fresh-market Tomato Production in a Low-input Alternative System Using Cover-crop Mulch

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki ◽  
J.R. Teasdale ◽  
R. Korcak ◽  
D.J. Chitwood ◽  
R.N. Huettel
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Crimson Clover

A low-input sustainable agricultural system for the production of staked, fresh-market field tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is described. The system uses winter annual cover crops to fix N, recycle leftover nutrients, produce biomass, and prevent soil erosion throughout the winter and spring. Yields of tomato plants grown in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) plus hairy vetch mulches were higher than those grown in the conventional black polyethylene (BP) mulch system in 2 of 3 years. Fruit were heavier with the plant mulches than with BP mulch. Eight weeks after transplanting, N levels in tomato leaves were higher with plant than with BP mulch, although the plant mulch plots received only 50% of the N applied to the BP plots. The cover crops had no effect on populations of five phytoparasitic nematode species.

Weed and Disease Responses to Herbicides in Single- and Double-Row Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Miller ◽  
C. H. Carter ◽  
R. H. Garber ◽  
J. E. DeVay
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Annual Weeds

For 3 yr, herbicide treatments of preplant trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), postemergence diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], both herbicides, or none were superimposed on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′) grown on beds centered at 102 cm using a single row or two rows spaced 28 cm apart. Cotton stand, after thinning, was 5.1 plants/m in each cotton row. Herbicides controlled annual weeds regardless of planting pattern. Cultivation, without herbicides, controlled annual grass weeds much better in cotton grown in single rows than in double rows. Preplant applications of trifluralin did not influence populations of cotton plants, regardless of row pattern. Single- and double-row plots treated with trifluralin always yielded more than untreated double rows. In two of three seasons, however, single-row plots without herbicides yielded as much as those treated with trifluralin. The lower yields in the double-row cotton were associated with reduced annual grass control especially in plots not treated with trifluralin. Weed control treatments or planting patterns did not influence the occurrence ofPythium ultimumTrow orRhizoctonia solaniKühn on cotton seedlings. The presence ofThielaviopsis basicola(Berk & Br.) Ferr. on cotton seedlings was not influenced by planting pattern but was increased by trifluralin in the third year of the study. Percentage of cotton plants with symptoms of verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliaeKleb.) was not influenced by weed control treatments, but the percentage of diseased plants was higher in single-row than in double-row planting patterns. We attribute this response to fewer plants per hectare in single rows compared to double rows.

Tolerance of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seedlings to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides with Four Modes of Action

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kendig ◽  
R. L. Nichols ◽  
G. A. Ohmes
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Over The Top

The current dominant weed control program in cotton relies heavily on glyphosate. Typical glyphosate-based weed control programs require repeat applications. A residual herbicide might reduce the number of herbicide applications needed, and potentially reduce costs. Residual herbicides that can be used postemergence in cotton are limited in number, and there are few studies evaluating the response of cotton to over-the-top application of herbicides. A greenhouse study evaluated response of cotton to fluometuron, propazine, metolachlor, pyrithiobac, and glyphosate. Most of these herbicides caused minimal crop injury; however, fluometuron and propazine caused significant visual injury when applied over-the-top at the cotyledon and two-leaf stages, but less injury when applied preemergence. Accepted for publication 5 July 2007. Published 8 November 2007.

Reduced chemical input cropping systems in the Southeastern United States: III. Economic analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry D. King ◽  
Dana L. Hoag
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
No Till ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Level

AbstractThis study evaluated the profitability of several cropping systems during a 10-year period of an experiment comparing rotations and levels of purchased inputs. Continuous corn or sorghum, corn/wheat-soybean (2-year), and corn/wheat-soybean/corn/clover hay (4-year) were managed with recommended fertilizer and pesticide rates and no-till planting (C) or with N from legumes, conventional tillage, and cultivation for weed control (L). Medium input management (M: medium rate of N and banded herbicides) was included during years 5 through 10. Generally, corn was the least profitable crop, regardless of input level or type of rotation. Rotating crops improved profit more than did adding inputs to continuous corn. With L, average annual profit was: continuous corn, -$64/ha; 2-year rotation, $135/ha; and 4-year rotation, $158/ha. With C, the 2-year rotation increased profit to $165/ha from -$119/ha with continuous corn. The increased profit with rotations was due to greater profits from wheat, soybean, and hay offsetting low or negative profit from corn. Sorghum (grown only in monoculture) was more profitable with L ($34/ha) than with C (-$20/ha). During the 6 years when all input levels were compared, the order of average profit was M>L>C with continuous corn. Generally, profit was not increased by M compared with L in the 2-and 4-year rotations. With L, the cost of weed control was 20% of that for C with corn and 44% with soybean. Cost of N from fertilizer was $0.66/kg, but cost of N from crimson clover (seed and planting costs) averaged $0.92/kg when clover was drilled, $1.27/kg when aerially seeded, and $0.16/kg when naturally reseeded.

Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Selected Cool-Season Leguminous Cover Crops

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Bugg ◽  
Felix L. Wäckers ◽  
Kathryn E Brunson ◽  
Sharad C. Phatak ◽  
James D. Dutcher
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Late Instar

Replicated field trials indicated that tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) attained relatively-high densities on hybrid vetches, Vicia sativa L. X V. cordata Wulf cv ‘Cahaba White’ and ‘Vantage’, lower densities on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. cv ‘Dixie,’ and particularly-low densities on subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv ‘Mt. Barker’. Densities of TPB were also relatively low on an additional 10 types of subterranean clover, including 7 cultivars representing T. subterraneum, 1 cultivar of T. brachycalycinum Katznelson and Morley, and 3 of T. yanninicum Katznelson and Morley. Field longevity trials indicated that late-instar and adult TPB lived longer when caged on crimson clover than on hybrid vetch, which in turn supported better survival than did subterranean clover. When adult TPB were caged on hybrid vetch or subterranean clover with or without floral and fruiting structures, there was no evidence that the presence of these structures prolonged TPB survival on either crop. In laboratory choice tests with flowering and fruiting shoots of three cover crops, TPB preferred crimson clover over hybrid vetch, which in turn was more attractive than subterranean clover. When shoots were presented after reproductive structures had been excised, there was no statistically-significant preference by TPB.

scholarly journals Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Erosion in Nursery Aisles

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Reed W. Cripps ◽  
Herbert K. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Runoff ◽  
Lespedeza Cuneata ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Runoff Volume

Abstract The effectiveness of soil erosion control of various vegetative aisle covers was evaluated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type plots. ‘Appalow’ sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don ‘Appalow’), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aisle treatments and a clean till plot were established on a 5% slope Typic Paleudult soil. Previously established ‘Indian Magic’ crabapple (Malus ‘indian magic’) and silver maple (Acer saccharium L.) were grown parallel to the slope in the center of each plot. Runoff from the clean till aisle resulted in the greatest sediment concentration, runoff volume, and sediment runoff. Crimson clover and perennial ryegrass runoff was similar. The ‘Appalow’ lespedeza aisle cover had the highest runoff volume of any vegetative aisle cover. However, runoff sediment concentration and sediment runoff were least from ‘Appalow’ lespedeza covered aisles.

scholarly journals Experiences with Conservation Tillage Vegetables in Tennessee

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin D. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa

Research yields of conservation tillage (CT) snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) have been less than those produced under conventional tillage. This has been due to soil conditions at planting, the cover crop used, weed control and a lack of proper design in equipment for CT. However, some growers have been successful with CT for sweet corn using hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) as the cover crop. On-farm demonstrations of CT with cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum. & Nak.] have been successful and with good management it is commercially feasible under Tennessee conditions. Advantages include reduced soil erosion, cleaner products, more efficient application of crop protection chemicals, quicker planting after rainfall, lower energy costs and facilitation of harvest in wet weather. Disadvantages include reduced weed control, modifications of existing equipment, less uniformity in seed coverage and problems with transplanting, cover crop residue in mechanically harvested crops, possible delays in early harvest of fresh market crops due to delayed maturity and limited application of soil protective chemicals.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mixtures vs. Monocultures of Cover Crops for Fresh-market Tomato Production With and Without Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) and mixtures of rye with hairy vetch and/or crimson clover were compared for no-tillage production of staked, fresh-market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on raised beds. All cover crops were evaluated both with or without a postemergence application of metribuzin for weed control. Biomass of cover crop mixtures were higher than that of the hairy vetch monocrop. Cover crop nitrogen content varied little among legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop. The C:N ratio of legume monocrops and all mixtures was <30 but that of the rye monocrop was >50, suggesting that nitrogen immobilization probably occurred only in the rye monocrop. Marketable fruit yield was similar in the legume monocrops and all mixtures but was lower in the rye monocrop when weeds were controlled by metribuzin. When no herbicide was applied, cover crop mixtures reduced weed emergence and biomass compared to the legume monocrops. Despite weed suppression by cover crop mixtures, tomatoes grown in the mixtures without herbicide yielded lower than the corresponding treatments with herbicide in 2 of 3 years. Chemical name used: [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one](metribuzin).

Rates of Herbicides in Irrigated Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
H. F. Arle ◽  
K. C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Fiber Fineness ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Boll Weight ◽  
Annual Weeds

Rates of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) applied preplanting were combined with rates of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] applied postemergence in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Deltapine 16’). In another experiment, two levels of these herbicides were applied in three populations of cotton. All herbicide combinations improved weed control, compared to that of cultivated checks. Applications of 0.28, 0.42, and 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin combined with 0.56 kg/ha of diuron controlled annual weeds and produced the highest cotton yields. Herbicide treatments had more influence than crop spacing on weed control and crop yield. Weed competition on cultivated checks affected boll weight, seed per boll, and fiber fineness.

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