scholarly journals Alternative Methods to Control Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in Greenhouse Crops

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 435D-435
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Hopper ◽  
Julie A. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Flower Thrips

Research focused on alternative methods to control Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), encompassing chemicals from varying classes, parasitic nematodes, microbial insecticides, and physical/mechanical deterrents. Chemical spray applications were applied weekly for 4 to 6 weeks. Experiment 1 made comparisons between fenoxycarb (Precision), bifenthrin (Talstar), and entomopathogenic nematodes (Biosafe). Experiment 2 compared abamectin (Avid), spinosyn A and D (Spinosad), azadirachtin (neem extract: Margosan-O), and diatomaceous earth (a physical control aimed at deterring pupation). Experiment 3 compared Spinosad, fipronil, and two microbial insecticides (Naturalis-O and Mycotrol). The number of thrips counted in flowers after treatments had been applied indicated that the strict chemical treatments (Avid, Spinosad, fipronil) provided quick knockdown and overall longer-term population control. Microbial insecticides, diatomaceous earth, and nematodes maintained populations at a lower level than the control, but were not as effective as strict chemical controls. Margosan-O, Precision, and Talstar controlled populations at medium levels. For periods when populations may cycle upward, more potent chemicals could be used (Spinosad, fipronil, and Avid) while still avoiding problems associated with more toxic chemicals.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Chemical Controls for Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on Greenhouse-grown Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 677a-677
Author(s):  
Julie A. McIntyre ◽  
Douglas A. Hopper ◽  
W.S. Cranshaw
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Gerbera Jamesonii ◽  
Saccharopolyspora Spinosa ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Soil Actinomycete ◽  
Over Time

Chemical and physical methods were tested to determine their effectiveness in controlling Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses. Comparisons were made between abamectin (Avid); Spinosyn A and D, formulated from the soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Spinosad); azadirachtin (Margosan-O); and diatomaceous earth, a physical control aimed at deterring pupation. Results based on the number of thrips counted in gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) flowers indicate that the chemical treatments were significantly more effective in reducing populations than the diatomaceous earth. Over time, the population of thrips in both the Avid and Spinosad treatments was reduced to zero. Diatomaceous earth treatments reduced populations almost 50% as compared to the control, while reductions from Margosan-O ranged 50-90%.

scholarly journals The Time–Concentration–Mortality Responses of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, to the Synergistic Interaction of Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, Insecticides, and Diatomaceous Earth

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenchao Ge ◽  
Guangzu Du ◽  
Limin Zhang ◽  
Zhengyue Li ◽  
Guanli Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Metarhizium Flavoviride ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest which is harmful to many cash crops globally and resistant to various insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), as biological control agents, have demonstrated a good control effect on WFT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic and pathogenicity efficacy of the fungal strain Metarhizium flavoviride WSWL51721 when distributed with diatomaceous earth (DE) and the active ingredient imidacloprid using four bioassay methods against adult and second instar larvae of WFT. The data of the four bioassays have been fitted to the time–concentration–mortality (TCM) model. The corrected mortality ranges of WFT adults were 75–100%, 82.69–100%, 78.85–100%, and 92.31–100%, and the corrected mortality ranges of WFT second instar larvae were 72.22–100%, 85.19–100%, 77.77–100%, and 100% in the four bioassays at concentrations of 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, respectively. At 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) had the shortest median lethal time (LT50), compared with that of assay 1 (M. flavoviride alone) for adults at 2.26 d, 2.06 d, and 1.53 d, and second instar larvae at 2.45 d, 1.70 d, and 1.41 d, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in the four bioassays decreased within 3–10 days of inoculation. On the third day, it was found that the lowest median lethal concentrations in assays 2, 3, and 4 were 1.58 × 107, 1.13 × 107, and 3.39 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from that in assay 1 for the adults. For the second instar larvae, assays 2, 3, and 4 also had the lowest lethal concentrations and were significantly different from those of assay 1. There were significant differences in sporulation between adults and second instar larvae under the four bioassays. Our results indicate that assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) demonstrate synergistic effects on the control of both adult and second instar larvae of WFT under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Resistance of Greenhouse, Laboratory, and Native Populations of Western Flower Thrips to Spinosad

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Loughner ◽  
Daniel F. Warnock ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thrips Population

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] collected from greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations were evaluated for resistance to the insecticide spinosad. Individual cut stems of transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) were inoculated with 25 adults from 1 of 9 thrips populations and maintained in isolation chambers. Treatments of no spray, water spray, spinosad at one-half label rate (0.41 mL·L-1) and spinosad at the recommended label rate (0.81 mL·L-1) were applied to the flowers. Three days after treatment, the number of live and dead thrips was recorded. Significantly more thrips were recovered from the control treatments than the spinosad treatments. Thrips survival varied by treatment and insect population. Based on an odds ratio analysis, the likelihood of recovering live thrips was greater in the IL-GH1 (Illinois greenhouse) population than in the NV-N1 (Nevada native) reference population for both spinosad treatments, suggesting resistance to spinosad in the IL-GH1 population. The IL-GH1 population was collected from a greenhouse regularly sprayed with spinosad whereas the NV-N1 population was collected in Incline Village, Nev., on wildflowers with no history of exposure to spinosad. This is the first documented indication of spinosad resistance in a thrips population. In comparison to the NV-N1 reference population, none of the populations collected from laboratory or native nonagricultural environments exhibited evidence of resistance to spinosad. Resistance to an insecticide with a novel mode of action, such as spinosad, indicates the necessity of rotating insecticides and implementing alternative methods of managing western flower thrips. Chemical names used: spinosad including spinosyn A and spinosyn D (Conserve SC).

scholarly journals Provision of astigmatid mites as supplementary food increases the density of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii in greenhouse crops, but does not support the omnivorous pest, western flower thrips

BioControl ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Pirayeshfar ◽  
Seyed Ali Safavi ◽  
Hamid Reza Sarraf Moayeri ◽  
Gerben J. Messelink
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Amblyseius Swirskii ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Astigmatid Mites

AbstractAstigmatid mites can be used as prey for mass rearing of phytoseiid predators, but also as a supplemental food source to support predator populations in crops. Here we evaluated the potential of six species of astigmatid mites (living or frozen) as alternative food for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot in greenhouse crops. All prey mites tested were suitable for predator oviposition. In general, oviposition was greater when prey mites were reared on dog food with yeast than when they were reared on wheat bran with yeast. Amongst prey items provided as frozen diet, larvae of Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene), Acarus siro L. and Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) that had been reared on dog food with yeast, resulted in the highest oviposition rates of A. swirskii. T. entomophagus larvae as frozen diet resulted in the shortest preimaginal developmental time of A. swirskii. On chrysanthemum plants, we found that the greatest increase in predator density occurred when living mites of T. entomophagous were used as a food source. This increase was greater than when predators were fed cattail pollen, a commonly used supplemental food. Effects on predators of providing living A. siro and L. destructor, or frozen larvae of T. entomophagous as food, were comparable with provision of pollen. Use of supplemental food in crops can be a risk if it is also consumed by omnivorous pests such as western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. However, we showed that both frozen and living mites of T. entomophagous were unsuitable for thrips oviposition. Hence, we believe that provision of prey mite species increases A. swirskii density, supporting biological control of thrips and other pests in greenhouse crops.

scholarly journals Compatibility assessment between four ethanolic plant extracts with a bug predator Orius horvathi (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) used for controlling the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nooshin Razavi ◽  
Kamal Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Predatory Bugs

AbstractThe western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) attacks a large number of crop plants. The current insecticides have caused resistance in insects and have caused outbreaks of thrips. In many instances, alternative methods of insect management and natural products, offer adequate pest control and pose fewer hazards. Several species of minute pirate bugs of the genus Orius play a significant role in the biological control of a large number of thrips species, such as F. occidentalis. In this study, the insecticidal activity of four ethanolic plant extracts (Cercis siliquastrum L., Calendula officinalis L., Peganum harmala L., Melia azedarach L.) in integration with Orius horvathi (Reuter) were evaluated for controlling F. occidentalis. The present research aimed to find plant extracts with a good impact on F. occidentalis but which have fewer side effects on O. horvathi. The results showed that P. harmala extract can be considered compatible with the natural enemy for controlling thrips. When the predatory bugs O. horvathi, were released three days after P. harmala extract spraying, the integration was more effective. While the P. harmala plant extract plays an important role in thrips control, it is necessary to consider the specified time interval between the application of the P. harmala plant extract and the release of the O. horvathi predatory bugs. The ethanolic extract of M. azedarach caused a balance between the pest population and the natural enemy. This result is very important in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program because this ethanolic extract of M. azedarach had lower side effects on the natural enemy. This means that an integration of plant derived chemicals and the natural enemy, O. horvathi, can effectively control thrips.

THE ASSOCIATION OF FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) WITH GREENHOUSE CROPS AND THE TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN ONTARIO

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Broadbent ◽  
W.R. Allen ◽  
R.G. Foottit
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), occurs from sea level to subalpine altitudes in western North America (Bryan and Smith 1956). Until recently, it was assumed that this species was found primarily west of the Rocky Mountains and that Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), the eastern flower thrips, was the dominant flower thrips in both eastern Canada and United States. Beshear (1983) reported F. occidentalis on cotton, peas, beans, and peanuts in Georgia. The following year, in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, the tomato spotted wilt virus caused extensive crop losses to greenhousegrown tomatoes and ornamentals. The virus-vector was identified as F. occidentalis (Allen and Broadbent 1986). Previously, F. fusca was the only known vector of tomato spotted wilt virus in Ontario and the eastern provinces (Paliwal 1974, 1976).

scholarly journals Alternative Means of Thrips Control in Greenhouse Crops

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 866E-866
Author(s):  
Julie A. McIntyre ◽  
Douglas A. Hopper ◽  
Whitney Cranshaw
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Greenhouse Growers

Various cultural, biological, and low toxicity methods of pest control that can be used as part of an Integrated Pest Management program for greenhouse growers were tested. Experiments were conducted to analyze alternative methods to control western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on greenhouse crops, including an insect growth regulator (IGR), aluminized mulches, medial surface treatments involving irrigation, and predaceous nematodes. Persistence of thrips was determined by immersing excised flowers in 70% ethanol solution and pouring the extract through filter paper; thrips on the filter paper were counted. Various experiments were conducted over a 4-month period to determine which means provided the best control. The repeated use of an IGR was effective in reducing thrips populations. Preliminary evaluations indicate nematodes may provide better control than soil treatments.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽  
Young Hae Choi ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

Stability of spinosad resistance inFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) under laboratory conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bielza ◽  
V. Quinto ◽  
C. Grávalos ◽  
E. Fernández ◽  
J. Abellán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Stability Of Resistance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Successive Generations

AbstractThe stability of spinosad resistance in western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance was studied in laboratory conditions. The stability of resistance was assessed in bimonthly residual bioassays in five populations with initial frequencies of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of resistant individuals. There were no consistent changes in susceptibility of the susceptible strain after eight months without insecticide pressure. In the resistant strain, very highly resistant to spinosad (RF50>23,000-fold), resistance was maintained up to eight months without further exposure to spinosad. In the absence of any immigration of susceptible genes into the population, resistance was stable. In the case of the population with different initial frequency of resistant thrips, spinosad resistance declined significantly two months later in the absence of selection pressure. With successive generations, these strains did not change significantly in sensitivity. Spinosad resistance inF. occidentalisdeclined significantly in the absence of selection pressure and the presence of susceptible WFT. These results suggest that spinosad resistance probably is unstable under field conditions, primarily due to the immigration of susceptible WFT. Factors influencing stability or reversion of spinosad resistance are discussed.

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