Winter Survival Evaluation of 172 Groundcovers in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453d-453
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
E.A. HedBorn ◽  
S.A. Mehaffey ◽  
A.S. Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei

The winter hardiness of many groundcover cultivars in northern Illinois is not well-known. This study was designed to evaluate the survival of 172 plants used in the groundcover path at The Morton Arboretum. Once a month, from Sept.1997 to Jan. 1998, the plants chosen for this study were visually evaluated and their vitality rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = alive, 5 = dead). All nine cultivars of Euonymus fortunei remained virtually unchanged throughout the study period. Among six cultivars of Hedera helix, only `Gold Heart' showed minor damage in November. Nine Heuchera were evaluated and all exhibited excellent resistance to cold temperatures. While all the Pulmonarias studied showed some cold damage by November, `Bielefeld Pink', `Little Blue', `Roy Davidson', Pulmonaria longifolia var. cevennensis, and Pulmonaria officinalis `Sissinghurst White' fared the best for the longest period of time. Five cultivars of Pachysandra terminalis were included in this study. None had significant damage until November, and then only rated a “2.” Of the eight Ajuga evaluated, Ajuga pyramidalis `Metallica Crispa', and Ajuga reptans `Braunherz', `Catlin's Giant', and `Gaiety', exhibited the best cold resistance. Four Polygonums varied widely in their response to cold temperatures, but all showed signs of severe damage in November. Polygonum `Border Jewel' exhibited the best tolerance, rating a “1” in October, but in November it was given a rating of “4.” Their recovery in spring will be compared.

scholarly journals Physiological Research on Winter-hardiness: Deacclimation Resistance, Reacclimation Ability, Photoprotection Strategies, and a Cold Acclimation Protocol Design

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1070-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev Arora ◽  
Lisa J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Woody Perennials

Freezing is a major environmental stress during an annual cycle of overwintering, temperate-zone perennials. The timing and extent of seasonal cold acclimation (development of freezing tolerance in the fall) and deacclimation (loss of acquired freezing tolerance in response to warm temperatures) are of critical importance for winter survival, particularly in view of the climate change, i.e., unpredictable extreme weather occurrences. For example, plants may acclimate inadequately if exposed to a milder fall climate and may be damaged by sudden frosts. Alternatively, they may deacclimate prematurely as a result of unseasonable, midwinter warm spells and be injured by the cold that follows. Efficient cold acclimation ability, high deacclimation resistance, and efficient reacclimation capacity are, therefore, important components of winter survival in overwintering perennials. These components should be evaluated separately for a successful breeding program focused on improving winter-hardiness. Another layer of complexity that should be carefully considered is that endodormant status (shallow versus deep) of the reproductive/vegetative apices can significantly impact these components of winter-hardiness. Winter survival, especially by woody evergreens, requires tolerance of light stress, which can result in photo-oxidative damage at cold temperatures when biochemistry of photosynthesis is somewhat compromised but light harvesting is unaffected. Accumulation of Elips (early light-induced proteins) in overwintering evergreens during winter represents a relatively novel strategy to cope with such light stress, and investigations on the precise cellular mechanism and genetic control of this strategy deserve research in the future. Investigations into the mechanisms for cold acclimation use laboratory-based, artificial acclimation protocols that often do not closely approximate conditions that plants are typically exposed to in nature. To draw meaningful conclusions about the biology of cold acclimation and ultimately improve freeze resistance under field conditions, one should also include in cold acclimation regimens parameters such as exposure to subfreezing temperatures and realistic diurnal temperature fluctuations and light levels to simulate natural conditions. One of the main objectives of this article is to highlight two areas of research that we believe are important in the context of plant cold-hardiness but, so far, have not received much attention. These are: 1) to understand the biology of deacclimation resistance and reacclimation capacity, two important components of freeze-stress resistance (winter-hardiness) in woody perennials; and 2) to investigate the cellular basis for various strategies used by broad-leaved evergreens for photoprotection during winter. Our emphasis, in this context, is on a family of proteins, called Elips. The second objective of this article is to draw attention of the cold-hardiness research community to the importance of using realistic cold acclimation protocols in controlled environments that will approximate natural/field conditions to be better able to draw meaningful conclusions about the biology of cold acclimation and ultimately improve freeze resistance. Results from our work with Rhododendron (deciduous azaleas and broad-leaved evergreens), blueberry, and that of other researchers are discussed to support these objectives.

The interpretation of cumulative damage from the building response observed in Mexico City during the 19 September 2017 earthquake

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 199-212
Author(s):  
Mario E Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Building Behavior ◽  
Observed Damage

This work evaluates the damage to and collapse of a set of buildings in the September 2017 earthquake in Mexico City; these buildings were also subjected to the September 1985 Mexico City earthquake. These buildings were located in the area of the highest rate of damage or collapse in 1985, but buildings exhibiting significant damage or collapse in 2017 did not possess any retrofitting. The spectral demands for these buildings, based on typical records registered in the earthquakes of 1985 and 2017, were not much different, suggesting the need to explain why the buildings that collapsed suffered severe damage in 2017 but not in 1985. This building behavior was analyzed using a seismic damage index Id, previously proposed by the author, which considers the effect of cumulative damage. The results indicated that the observed damage to and collapse of these buildings in the September 2017 earthquake can be explained by the effect of cumulative seismic damage. Recommendations are given for possible improvements to the seismic building codes in Mexico.

Differential Response of Ajuga (Ajuga reptans), Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei), and Dwarf Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus‘Compacta’) to Root- and Shoot-Applied Isoxaben

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydha Salihu ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Treatment

Hydroponics and sand culture studies evaluated the effects of isoxaben rate (0.84, 1.69, and 3.39 kg/ha) and application type (root only, shoot only, and root plus shoot) on the growth of ajuga, wintercreeper, and dwarf burning bush. Similar responses were exhibited by the three species tested in both hydroponics and sand culture studies. Based on shoot weight reductions, dwarf burning bush was one to three times more sensitive than wintercreeper, which was the most tolerant of the three species, and ajuga was five to 20 times more sensitive than wintercreeper. Isoxaben applied to the root system at all three rates injured ajuga root tips and foliage and reduced root weight by approximately 40% and shoot weight by 20 to 30%. Isoxaben applications to ajuga foliage damaged the roots and leaves and caused over 30% reductions in shoot and root weights at the highest rate tested. Isoxaben applied to dwarf burning bush roots caused less than 20% shoot injury, reduced root weight by 8 to 18%, and reduced shoot weight by less than 10%. Application to dwarf burning bush foliage caused 20 to 30% injury, but only slight reductions in root and shoot weights were observed. No visible injury was observed in wintercreeper from any isoxaben application. However, root treatment reduced wintercreeper root weight by approximately 15%, and shoot treatment reduced shoot weight by 6 to 10% at the highest isoxaben rate tested. Application of isoxaben to both roots and foliage of wintercreeper resulted in similar reductions in shoot and root weights compared to root or shoot exposure alone. Shoot application to wintercreeper affected root growth, and root treatment reduced shoot growth.

ADAPTATION OF WINTER RAPESEED IN ONTARIO

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. BEAULIEU ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

In order to determine regions of adaptation of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), field trials were planted at about 30 locations in Ontario in 1981 and 1982. Four cultivars were tested each year. Winter survival was poor in northern Ontario in both years, and along the north shore of Lake Erie in the first year. Over all sites, mean winter survival was 52%. At sites which did not completely winterkill, plant survival and yield averaged 70% and 2.38 t ha−1. Best winter rapeseed performance in Ontario occurred at well-drained sites with good winter snow cower and an absence of excessive flooding or cold temperatures in the spring. Cultivars did not differ in survival or yield in 1981–1982. The cultivar Jet Neuf had higher yields than the other cultivars in 1982–1983. There were differences in oil and protein content among the cultivars. The results suggest that winter rapeseed could become a viable crop in Ontario.Key words: Rapeseed (winter), Brassica napus, seed yield, winter survival, adaptation

scholarly journals 561 PB 406 THE EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURES ON THE SURVIVABILITY AND POST-STRESS PERFORMANCE OF CONTAINER-GROWN NURSERY STOCK

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 512a-512
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Dwyer ◽  
N. Curtis Peterson ◽  
G. Stanley Howell
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Post Stress

The nursery industry continues to develop improved methods for successfully overwintering container-grown nursery stock. Experiments were conducted using several different species of woody ornamentals ranging from species known to be cold hardy to cold tender. Eighteen species were subjected to temperatures ranging from 20F to -20F and observed for post-stress performance and viability. Rates and timing of acclimation, mid-winter hardiness, and deacclimation of seven species were determined by examining the shoots for injury after subjecting them to controlled freezer conditions. The roots of the same seven species were exposed to three different overwintering systems: in a polyhouse, pot-to-pot above the ground, and pot-in-pot below the ground. Cold hardiness of root and shoot systems and the effects of warming temperatures on shoots were determined as well as the post-stress performance of each species. Results of this research will be presented.

scholarly journals Effect of Postfrost Pruning on Winter Hardiness of Selected Garden Chrysanthemums

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 661c-661
Author(s):  
Jeffery K. Iles
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflorum ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
General Survival

Pruning aboveground tissues back to the plant crown in preparation for winter is a common cultural practice for garden chrysanthemums [Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura]. But some landscape managers suggest pruning immediately before the onset of low temperatures may be responsible for predisposing plants to winter injury. To evaluate the effect of pruning garden chrysanthemums in November and December on winter survival, rooted cuttings of 19 chrysanthemum cultivars were obtained from Yoder Brothers and were field-planted in a randomized complete-block design with five replications. Pruning treatments were 1) plants pruned to 2 cm above the crown on 1 Nov., 2) plants pruned to 2 cm above the crown on 1 Dec., and 3) plants not pruned. Survival and regrowth data were gathered the following summer. Cultivars differed in their response to the treatments, but in general, survival percentages and regrowth shoot dry weights were greater for plants that were not pruned.

Some effects of cold exposure, nutrition and experimental handling on serum free fatty-acid levels in sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee ◽  
R. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Serum Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Serum Free

Blood serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels have been measured in sheep subjected to: (a) short periods (20–24 hours) of fasting, (b) physical and emotional disturbances associated with experimental handling, and (c) exposure to cold temperatures when either pregnant or unmated.The first two factors acted additively, each causing a small elevation of about 100–200 μ-equiv/litre above the pre-existing FFA level. The effect of short-fasting gradually disappeared during the first 6 hours after feeding; the effect of experimental disturbance lasted less than 2 hours.The effect of severe cold treatment (exposure to approximately 60°C subcriticai ambient temperatures for 2–10 hours) was very marked, producing mean FFA elevations of about 2000 μ-equiv/litre.Mild cold exposure (3−8°C below the critical temperature), even when maintained for several days, produced little change in the FFA levels already typical of either well-fed or short-fasted sheep. Exposures of moderate intensity (25°C below the critical temperature) apparently produced small elevations in short-fasted sheep only.It was concluded that a large increase in FFA level was the normal response to acute cold exposure. Elevations due to other factors were, in the context of these experiments, very small. Within the normal range of response to cold exposure there was considerable individual variation in the degree of FFA elevation, but this variation was not generally related to cold resistance expressed as the ability to maintain rectal temperature. However, a few sheep which failed to raise FFA values to the normal extent did show poor cold resistance.

CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS ACCOMPANYING DEVELOPMENT IN WINTER WHEAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts ◽  
M. N. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Low Temperature Resistance ◽  
Exact Timing

The cold resistance of 18 varieties of winter wheat hardened in a growth chamber was studied at various stages of development and the results were compared with the field survival of these varieties.In the growth chamber two maxima of cold resistance were found, the first for the dry or freshly moistened seed and the second when plants had approximately 4 to 6 leaves. Varietal differences were found in the exact timing of this second maximum and in its duration. As a result, some varieties changed their rank for cold resistance as they developed.Partial agreement was observed between the field survival of varieties sown at different dates and the changes in cold resistance of these varieties as they developed in the growth chamber.From these tests, a procedure has been developed that should enable fairly reliable predictions to be made of field survival of winter wheat in any area where low-temperature resistance is the major factor in winter survival.

scholarly journals Different Genes Express Analysis of root crown of alfalfa under low temperature stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Wang ◽  
Huiqing Jin ◽  
Kai Meng ◽  
Zhenyu Jia ◽  
Shiyuan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties

Abstract Abstract Background: Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) is a perennial forage crop widely cultivated in northern China. The root crown of alfalfa is an important storage organ in the process of wintering, and it is closely related to the winter hardiness of alfalfa. At present, the specific molecular mechanism of response to winter hardiness in alfalfa root crown is unclear. The transcriptome database created by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is widely used to identify the critical genes related to winter hardiness. Results: The transcriptomes of alfalfa varieties, such as “Lomgmu 806” (with high winter survival rate) and “Sardi” (with low winter survival rate) have been sequenced in the study. Among the identified 57,712 unigenes, 2,299 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated, and 2,143 unigenes were down-regulated in the Lomgmu 806 vs Sardi root crown. The KEGG pathway annotations showed that 1,159 unigenes were mainly annotated to 116 pathways. Seven DEGs belonging to “plant hormone signaling transduction”, “peroxidase” pathway and transcription factors family (MYB, B3, AP2/ERF, WRKY) genes involved in alfalfa winter hardiness. Among them, the expression patterns of seven DEGs were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses, which verified the reliable results of transcriptome sequencing analyses. Conclusions: RNA-Seq was used to discover genes associated with the wintering differences between alfalfa varieties. The transcriptome data showed that the gene regulation response of alfalfa to low temperature stress, which provides a valuable resource for further identification and functional analysis of candidate genes for winter hardiness of alfalfa. In addition, these data provide references for future study of genetic breeding and winter hardiness in alfalfa.

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