Contract Growing for the Export-oriented Cut Flowers Industry in Turkey

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 531a-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin G. Brumfield ◽  
Burhan Ozkan ◽  
Osman Karagüzel
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Insight Into

Thirty cut flower businesses were surveyed in 1997 to examine the production structure and main problems of export-oriented contract growing in Turkey. The survey was conducted in Antalya province, which is the center of export-oriented cut flower production in Turkey. The results of the research provided insight into how Turkish cut flower-contracted growers were managing some of the key areas of their operations. The study also provided the opportunity for growers to highlight their concerns about contract growing for export-oriented cut flower production. The survey showed that contract growers do not use specific performance indicators relevant to cut flower production. The product price received by the contract growers was determined by the export companies. These export companies receive flowers from growers mainly on consignment. After exporting the products, exporters periodically pay the grower, subtracting a commission for their services and other marketing expenses. Contract growers are essentially price takers in the transactions. The business procedure from production to price setting and marketing was not in the hands of the contract growers. Therefore, the trading risks are essentially borne by the contract growers. The main concerns raised by contract growers were the current consignment system, cost of the plant materials, and the late payment for the sold products.

scholarly journals A Profile of Turkish Export Cut-flower Growers

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Burhan Ozkan ◽  
Robin G. Brumfield ◽  
Osman Karaguzel
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Price Cutting ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Flower Industry

Turkish cut-flower exports grew from about $100,000 in 1985 to $11 million in 1995 (not adjusted for inflation). Since this is a growing industry in Turkey, we wanted to examine the production structure and main problems of export-oriented contract growers. We surveyed 33 cut-flower export growers and 30 contract growers between May and July 1997. We conducted the survey in the Antalya province, which is the center of the export-oriented cut-flower production in Turkey. The results indicate that cut-flower companies were not highly mechanized, but did use computerized accounting systems. Transportation of cut flowers to foreign markets was the largest expense item in the cut-flower industry. Despite a high rate of unemployment, cut-flower companies face difficulties in obtaining and keeping qualified employees. Managers tended not to use specific performance indicators such as sales per employee or sales per square foot relevant to the cut-flower industry. The most common method for arranging cut-flower export sales was personal contact with the importers. Contracts between firms which grew and exported flowers and smaller contract growers were common, but some problems existed concerning quality and financial obligations. Growers are using fewer commission contracts and are instead opting to sell on a fixed-price basis. The main concerns raised by managers were related to increased competition, price-cutting, transportation expenses for export, training, and labor supply.

scholarly journals Influência da vernalização de semente na produção, crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de lisianthus

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Yumbla-Orbes ◽  
José Geraldo Barbosa ◽  
Wagner Campos Otoni ◽  
Marcel Santos Montezano ◽  
José Antônio Saraiva Grossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
And Control

Flowering induction and control is a limiting factor when commercially producing cut flowers of lisianthus and seed exposure to low temperatures, a physiological event called vernalization, induces the differentiation of vegetative buds to reproductive buds, contributing to a flowering that is uniform and has quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed vernalization in three cultivars of lisianthus (Excalibur, Echo and Mariachi) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 days at temperatures of 5, 10 and 15°C, in the production and quality of buds, making this technology feasible to large-scale production. During cultivation it was observed that the lower the temperature and higher the vernalization period, the lower the cycle and the greater the number of plants induced to flowering for all three cultivars, and those are important features in the context of flower production in a commercial scale. The seeds subjected to vernalization originated plants that produce flower stems within the standards required by the market, showing that vernalization was efficient to induce flowering without affecting the quality of the buds. To produce lisianthus as a cut flower of quality, it is recommended seed vernalization of Mariachi and Echo cultivars for 24 days at 5°C and Excalibur for 36 days at 5°C.

scholarly journals FIELD-GROWN CUT FLOWERS: AN ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTION IN THE OZARKS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 659d-659
Author(s):  
Gloria McIntosh ◽  
Gerald Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Response ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Celosia Cristata ◽  
Number Of Stems

Several cut flower species were studied to determine their feasibility for cut flower production. Three fertilizer treatments (0.5, .1, and .15kg/m2 respectively) were used and their effect on number of stems, stem length and fresh weight were determined. Celosia cristata and Ageratum houstonianum `Blue Horizon' proved to respond best to fertilizer treatments. Celosia fertilized at a rate of .15kg/m2 will produce approximately 200 stems/m2. Ageratum will produce appoximately 400 stems/m2 when fertilized at a rate of .10kg/m2. Fertlizer rates of .10 and .15 kg/m2 for Eustoma culture yielded 86 stems/m2, which was lower than other species used in this test. Extended vase life and consumer response could possibly justify using this species in cut flower production. An economic break-even analysis will be presented to show what price will have to be received per stem to cover costs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Growing Systems for Cut Snapdragon Production: Tray vs. Ground Bed

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
K. Jacquemin Sullivan ◽  
C.C. Pasian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicator ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Subjective Quality ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Objective Quality ◽  
Flower Quality

Cut-flower production of three snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) cultivars (`Potomac Pink', `Winter White', and `Potomac Light Pink') in growing trays vs. ground beds was evaluated in five different plantings over a period of a year and a half. The experiments evaluated the quality of cut flowers from plants in ground beds or in small vs. large trays either raised or placed directly on the ground bed. The quality of flowering shoots was lower when plants were grown in raised trays rather than in on-ground trays or in ground beds, but other treatments did not affect quality consistently. Flowering shoot grade (a subjective quality indicator) correlated well (r = 0.8) with the ratio of shoot dryweight to shoot length (an objective quality indicator). Our results confirm that the flower quality of snapdragons grown on ground trays can equal that of those grown in ground beds.

Zantedeschia aethiopica and Z. `Green Goddess' Responses to GA3 and Bonzi for Cut Flower Calla Lily Production in Florida

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 536f-537
Author(s):  
Ramona A. Reiser
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Large White ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Unique Green

Zantedeschia aethiopica, the large white calla lily, and Z. `Green Goddess', which is white with a unique green blush on the lip, are two cultivars popular in the floral cut flower trade. Both were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) for increased flower development, a technique routinely successful for potted calla production but not previously reported effective on cut flowers. Two winter trials in successive years were replicated under Florida growing conditions. A preplant bulb dip of GA3 ranged from 100 to 250 ppm. Z. aethiopica control plants averaged 1.3 flowers per plant, which increased to 3.4 with GA3 in the first trial and from 1.6 to 2.5 in the second trial. `Green Goddess' went from 1.3 to 3.8 flowers per plant and 0.9 to 3.3, respectively. Bonzi was applied at either a short (10.2–12.7 cm) or tall (30.5–38.1 cm) height, with greater effect when shorter. A drench application of 2 mg a.i. per pot shortened foliage more than flower height with 32% reduction on foliage and 12% on flowers for Z. aethiopica and 44% and 33% respectively on `Green Goddess'. Results favor use of GA3 on cut flowers for increased flower production, but discourage Bonzi because shortened heights are normally undesirable for cut flowers.

scholarly journals Orchid cut flower production in Singapore and neighbouring countries

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 609c-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.S. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Tropical Orchid ◽  
Flower Industry ◽  
Asean Countries

Orchid cut flower industry has contributed substantially to the economy of Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and other Asean countries. Singapore exports US$13 million dollar worth of orchid cut flower in 1990 and Thailand's export was at least 3 to 4 times higher. Germany and Japan are the major markets for tropical orchid cut flowers. Economically important orchid genera are Aranda, Dendrobium, Mokara, Oncidium and Vanda. This paper will review the agronomic practices in orchid cultivation, the current status and development of orchid industry and the research and development made towards the improvement of the orchid industry in Asean countries.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Trachelium Cultivars as Cut Flowers

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
RongNa Liang ◽  
Brent K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Flower Production

Trachelium caeruleum has been grown in the United States as a cut flower for about a decade. Only two cultivars, 'White Umbrella' and 'Purple Umbrella', were readily available for commercial use before 1997, but nine new cultivars became available in the last few years. Comparative performance trials have been lacking for these cultivars in the United States. This trial evaluated 11 cultivars of Trachelium for cut flower production performance (vegetative and flowering characteristics) and postharvest longevity.  This document is HS991, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date May 20, 2004. 

scholarly journals Floral Crop Production in High Tunnels

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chris Wien
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Celosia Argentea ◽  
Low Tunnels ◽  
High Level

High tunnels are well suited for use in the production of floral crops, especially cut flowers. Through the increases in temperature afforded at both ends of the growing season, high tunnels allow earlier and later harvests than are possible in the field. During summer, rain protection and a relatively calm environment provides an ideal growing environment to cut flower crops. In U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Hardiness Zones 3 through 5, the higher temperatures of a high tunnel permit culture of warm-season crops like celosia (Celosia argentea) during summer. Cut flower production allows intensive production on a small land area and provides a high level of income. For these reasons, high tunnels have become a standard part of cut flower growers' farms. Most commonly, they are single-bay structures with roll-up sides, but use of multi-bay complexes is becoming more popular for larger-scale growers. In USDA Hardiness Zones of 7 and higher, high tunnels are shaded in summer to lower interior temperatures and enhance production of shade-tolerant species. Overall, techniques of moderating temperature extremes with shading and ventilation, or use of low tunnels inside to increase minimum temperatures are important options for cut flower production. In the presentation, comparisons will be made in growth and earliness of production and yield for several cut flower species grown in the field and an adjacent high tunnel.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF CRASPEDIA UNIFLORA.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1092a-1092
Author(s):  
David C. Annis ◽  
Terri Starman
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Long Day

Flowers of Craspedi a uniflora (Billy Buttons), a New Zealand annual plant, have been introduced recently into the U.S.A. florist market. Craspedia is relatively unknown in the U.S.A., but is beginning to be utilized by florists as a cut flower and has potential for specialty cut flower production. Craspedia uniflora cut flowers were grown from seed in an inflated, double-layer, polyethylene greenhouse. Short day (SD) and long day (LD) photoperiod treatments were applied by daylength reduction via black cloth and night interruption lighting, respectively. Treatments began 10 weeks after sowing (15 leaf stage) and continued until harvest. Gibberellic acid was applied as a single foliar spray to runoff at 0 and 500 mg·liter-1 at initiation of photoperiod treatment. Long day treatment reduced days to anthesis, increased flower number, and decreased stem length and plant fresh weight. Gibberellic acid (500 mg·liter-1) increased foliage height under both photo period treatments and increased plant dry weight under LD but reduced dry weight under SD treatment. Flower fresh weight, diameter and bud number were not affected by treatment.

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