scholarly journals 630 The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Form, Concentration, and Delivery System on the Growth and Plant Quality of Poinsettia

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 556B-556
Author(s):  
John Ferrell ◽  
Alejandro Ching
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Lateral Shoots

Rooted cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima willd.ex.klotzch cv. Eckespoint Freedom Red) were grown under 16-h photoperiod in plastic pots (6 inches in diameter) containing 1 sand: 1 Metro-Mix 500 (v/v) to determine the response of nitrogen fertilizer forms, concentrations, and delivery methods on plant growth and quality. Plant height, number of lateral shoots, and number of leaves were increased with osmocote 19N–6P–12K at the rate of 4 gdm–3 compared to 100–200 ppm of calcium nitrate (foliar spray), 60–100 ppm urea (foliar spray), 80–120 ppm of ammonium sulfate (soil drench), 100–140 ppm of poinsettia 20N–5P–19K (soil drench), and 8 gdm–3 of osmocote (slow release), showing superior plant growth. Data show that delivering nitrogenous fertilizers by foliar sprays tends to reduce plant growth with short plant stems and a low number of lateral shoots and leaves compared to soil drench application, with the exception of osmocote 19N–6P–12K at a rate of 8 gdm–3. Plant quality factors such as the number of discolored or dead leaves and the degree of green coloration on the leaves were also affected by the form and delivery system of nitrogenous fertilizers.

scholarly journals Potassium and calcium enrichment alleviate salinity-induced stress in hydroponically grown endives

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Nacl Salinity ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique

Salinity either of soil or of irrigation water causes disturbance in plant growth and nutrient balance and reduces crop yields. The effects of NaCl salinity and/or calcium or potassium level on the plant growth and severity of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea [De Bary] Whetzel) were investigated in endive (Cichorium endivia L., cv. Green Curled) grown with the nutrient film technique under greenhouse conditions during early spring. Plants were supplied with nutrient solutions containing 40 mmol/l of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or 10 mmol/l potassium sulphate (K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Additionally, plants treated with foliar spray of 15 mmol/l calcium nitrate [(CaNO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] or distilled water. Salinity or K- and Ca-enrichment mainly affected the upper part of endive plants and reduced leaf area. However, when salinity combined with either K- or Ca-enrichment, the negative impact of salinity on plant growth was reversed. Salinized and/or K- and Ca-enriched, plants did not differ in plant biomass, leaf/root ratio, leaf fresh weight, leaf number, and root length. Salinity did not have any impacts on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Indeed, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with Ca foliar application and decreased with K while the opposite effects were observed for the intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Total nutrient uptake was reduced 2-fold in salt-treated plants compared to controls. No symptoms of tip-burn or blackheart were recorded throughout the experimental study. Endive grown in the nutrient film technique had tolerance to NaCl salinity, and this method could be used to exploit saline water in soilless culture. These findings also suggest that a proper management of the salt concentration of the nutrient solution plus external elemental enrichment may provide an efficient tool to improve the quality of leafy vegetables with little effect on yield.

scholarly journals BA Does Not Reduce Detrimental Effects of High Nighttime Temperature on Offset Formation in Hosta

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Heather C. Schultz ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
Roland R. Dute
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Nighttime Temperatures

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the effects of nighttime temperatures on offset formation in hosta, and determine if benzyladenine (BA) can overcome potential detrimental effects of high temperatures. Stock plants of two cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were divided, potted, and allowed to establish. When roots had reached the substrate-container side interface, half the plants of each cultivar received a foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA. Plants were immediately transferred to growth chambers programmed for a 12-hour photoperiod at 32C (90F) and a 12-hour dark temperature of 12.8C (55F), 18.3C (65F), 23.9C (75F), or 29.4C (85F). Plants grown at the three lower nighttime temperatures produced more offsets than plants grown at the highest nighttime temperature, but only when treated with BA (both cultivars) or in ‘Francee’ (±BA). Plants treated with BA formed more offsets than −BA plants and ‘Francee’ produced more offsets than ‘Frances Williams’, but only at the three lower nighttime temperatures. Across nighttime temperatures, both cultivars produced more offsets when treated with BA, and ‘Francee’ produced more offsets than ‘Frances Williams’, but only in the presence of BA. Whole plant growth index decreased as nighttime temperature increased, and generally was lower for ‘Frances Williams’ than for ‘Francee’. Plant quality or stage of offset development was not affected by nighttime temperature

scholarly journals Effect of Bioplex™ on Transplant Success of Non-Dormant Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Sammons ◽  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Biostimulants are used to reduce the stress associated with non-dormant (summer dug) harvest of field-grown nursery stock; however, the effectiveness of biostimulant treatment is uncertain. This study tested the effects of three application methods of Bioplex™ (a commonly used biostimulant) to container-grown red oak seedlings on whole plant transpirational water use and growth before and after root pruning. Root pruning was used to simulate field harvest; it removed 59% of the seedling's total root surface area. Bioplex™ application by foliar spray, soil drench or a combination of foliar spray and soil drench, significantly reduced whole plant transpirational water use by 15% for three days after application, relative to untreated control seedlings. Root pruning significantly reduced whole plant transpiration, compared to non-root-pruned seedlings, and had a greater effect on transpiration than any Bioplex™ treatment. The previous season's Bioplex treatment had no effect on the spring growth flush following fall root pruning. Root pruning in fall significantly reduced root and total plant dry weights the following spring. Although Bioplex™ applications significantly reduced transpiration for three days after application, there does not seem to be any long-term beneficial effect when used to mediate summer digging transplant stress.

scholarly journals IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Tales Miler Soares ◽  
Sergio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Cristiano Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Christiano César Dibbern Graf ◽  
Marcelo Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Type ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
New Production ◽  
Saline Waters

IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS  Tales Miler Soares1; Sergio Nascimento Duarte1; Christiano César Dibbern Graf2; Marcelo Zanetti2; Silvio Sandoval Zocchi31Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, [email protected] Mudas, Conchal,  SP3Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Avaliar o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos limoeiro ‘Cravo’, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’ e citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’, irrigados com águas salinas, mensurando se a aplicação de Ca(NO3)2 mitiga eventuais efeitos de íons fitotóxicos, foi objetivo do presente trabalho, conduzido sob ambiente protegido, em Rio Claro-SP. Investigou-se três qualidades de água: água natural (CEa= 1,19 dS m-1), explorada de poço tubular profundo, água dessalinizada (CEa= 0,02 dS m-1), obtida mediante osmose reversa da água natural, e água residual (CEa= 2,11 dS m-1), sub-produto da dessalinização. Os níveis de Ca(NO3)2 avaliados foram 0 e 2,105 g L-1. Averiguando-se os parâmetros usuais do crescimento vegetal, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas, entre os tratamentos, decorrentes da qualidade da água, embora se tenha registrado que esta contribuiu para o aumento da salinização do substrato, ultrapassando, inclusive, o valor da salinidade limiar (CEes= 1,4 dS m-1) reconhecido para os citros. A adição de Ca(NO3)2 não incrementou o desenvolvimento, atuando negativamente no crescimento inicial das raízes e do caule. O curto período necessário ao crescimento dos porta-enxertos, proporcionado pelo atual sistema de produção, associado às irrigações freqüentes e suas frações de lixiviação podem ter restringido efeitos negativos das águas salinas investigadas. UNITERMOS: Citrus, salinidade, condutividade elétrica, substrato.  SOARES, T.M.; DUARTE, S.N.; GRAF, C.C.D.; ZANETTI, M.; ZOCCHI, S.S.       CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER  2 ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the growth of three citrus rootstocks (‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo) irrigated with saline waters, under greenhouse conditions, in order to measure if calcium nitrate mitigates their toxic effects. Three water qualities were investigated: natural water (ECw= 1,19 dS m-1), obtained from a deep tubular well, desalinated water (ECw= 0,02 dS m-1), obtained by reverse osmosis from the natural water, and reject water (ECw= 2,11 dS m-1), resultant from the desalination process. Two Ca(NO3)2 levels were evaluated: 0 and 2,105 g L-1. Usual parameters for plant growth analysis were measured. According to Tukey’s test (5% probability), water quality did not affect rootstocks development, although the water type have contributed to increase the electrical conductivity of substrate saturation extract (ECs) along the experimental period, surpassing the salinity threshold value (ECs = 1,4 dS m-1) reported for citrus. The Ca(NO3)2 addition did not increase the plant growth, but negatively affected the first evaluations of root and stem diameter development. The short time necessary to rootstocks growth provided by new production system, associated to the frequent irrigations and its leaching fractions possible may have restricted the negative effects of saline waters. KEYWORDS: Citrus, salinity, electrical conductivity, substrate.  

Rhizobium Inoculation Increases of Bean and Maize Yields in Intercrops on Farms in the Peruvian Sierra

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pineda ◽  
J. A. Kipe-Nolt ◽  
E. Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Plant Growth Response ◽  
Maize Yields ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

SUMMARYNitrogen deficiency severely limits production of the bean–maize association grown by small-scale farmers in upland Peru. Sixty-four bean Rhizobium isolates were evaluated for induction of a plant growth response in pots of soil from the area and 14 of the most promising strains of these were tested on farmers' fields in 13 trials over a three year period. Bean yields were increased by inoculation with at least one Rhizobium strain in seven of the trials, with increases ranging from 0.21 to 0.68 t ha−1. Bean yields were not increased by the application of 120 kg N ha−1 to the intercrop. Maize yields were increased by Rhizobium inoculation in nine of the 13 trials by between 0.34 and 1.85 t ha−1. Maize responded to nitrogen fertilizer on the same nine farms. This Rhizobium selection strategy, although laborious, was effective in identifying strains that can be recommended for use as inoculants by farmers in the region.

scholarly journals Growth, Plant Quality, and Survival of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Seedlings are Enhanced by CO2 Enrichment

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1650-1654
Author(s):  
Margarita Pérez-Jiménez ◽  
Almudena Bayo-Canha ◽  
Gregorio López-Ortega ◽  
Francisco M. del Amor
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Cherry Tree ◽  
Active Growth

Enrichment with CO2 and a commercial mix of plant growth regulators were tested to improve the plant quality and survival of pregerminated cherry tree seedlings. Pregerminated seeds were transferred from a cold chamber to a climatic chamber where the CO2 was set at 800 µmol·mol−1 CO2 or at the ambient CO2 concentration. Also, half of the plants were sprayed with the mix of plant growth regulators and disposed randomly. The experiment lasted 18 days and physiological measurements, such as plant physiological status and growth, number of leaves, net CO2 assimilation (ACO2), internal CO2, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, were taken every 4 days. Also, at the end of the experiment, other parameters—such as total leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, and starch—were recorded or quantified. During the experiment, plants cultured under CO2 enrichment exhibited a rapid increase in their photosynthetic rates, height, and leaf number; the commercial mix also increased plant height but inhibited leaf expansion and growth. At the end of the experiment, the amounts of starch and soluble sugars had increased in the plants grown under elevated CO2, compared with those plants grown in control conditions or with the commercial mix. Thus, culture at elevated CO2 achieved higher percentages of plant survival and of plants in active growth. We suggest that CO2 plays an important role—by increasing ACO2, water use efficiency, soluble sugars, and starch—which results in plants that are physiologically more prepared for transfer to the field.

scholarly journals Relief Role of Lysine Chelated Zinc (Zn) on 6-Week-Old Maize Plants under Tannery Wastewater Irrigation Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5161
Author(s):  
Rehan Ahmad ◽  
Wajid Ishaque ◽  
Mumtaz Khan ◽  
Umair Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Atif Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Tannery Wastewater ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Maize Plants

Tannery wastewater mainly comes from leather industries. It has high organic load, high salinity, and many other pollutants, including chromium (Cr). Tannery wastewater is generally used for crop irrigation in some areas of Pakistan and worldwide, due to the low availability of good quality of irrigation water. As tannery wastewater has many nutrients in it, its lower concentration benefits the plant growth, but at a higher concentration, it damages the plants. Chromium in tannery wastewater accumulates in plants, and causes stress at physiological and biochemical levels. In recent times, the role of micronutrient-amino acid chelated compounds has been found to be helpful in reducing abiotic stress in plants. In our present study, we used lysine chelated zinc (Zn-lys) as foliar application on maize (Zea mays L.), growing in different concentrations of tannery wastewater. Zinc (Zn) is required by plants for growth, and lysine is an essential amino acid. Maize plants were grown in tannery wastewater in four concentrations (0, 25%, 50%, and 100%) and Zn-lys was applied as a foliar spray in three concentrations (0 mM, 12.5 mM, and 25 mM) during plant growth. Plants were cautiously harvested right after 6 weeks of treatment. Foliar spray of Zn-lys on maize increased the biomass and improved the plant growth. Photosynthetic pigments such as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and contents of carotenoids also increased with Zn-lys application. In contrast to control plants, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were increased up to 12%, 50%, and 68% in leaves, as well as 16%, 51% and 89% in roots at 25%, 50%, and 100% tannery water application, respectively, without Zn-lys treatments. Zn-lys significantly reduced the damages caused by oxidative stress in maize plant by decreasing the overproduction of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in maize that were produced, due to the application of high amount of tannery wastewater alone. The total free amino acids and soluble protein decreased by 10%, 31% and 64% and 18%, 61% and 122% at 25%, 50% and 100% tannery water treatment. Zn-lys application increased the amino acids production and antioxidant activities in maize plants. Zn contents increased, and Cr contents decreased, in different parts of plants with Zn-lys application. Overall, a high concentration of tannery wastewater adversely affected the plant growth, but the supplementation of Zn-lys assertively affected the plant growth and enhanced the nutritional quality, by enhancing Zn and decreasing Cr levels in plants simultaneously irrigated with tannery wastewater.

CONTROL OF SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. AND FREE., IN WHITE SPRUCE PLANTATIONS WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES, STEINERNEMA SPP.

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Eidt ◽  
Gary B. Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Population Reduction

AbstractA spruce budmoth population reduction of 82%, as measured by moth emergence, was realized after a foliar spray in which Futura®, a commercial Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) formulation, was added to a suspension of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). The nematode suspension, which took advantage of the wetting and spreading agents in the formulation, was applied to runoff at the rate of 9785 viable infective juvenile nematodes per litre. Mortality was attributed to the nematodes; B.t. was not available to the cryptic larvae. Soil drench treatments were encouraging, and suggested that applications of nematodes to the soil may be feasible.

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