443 Resistance in Impatiens wallerana to Western Flower Thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] Feeding Damage

Western flower thrips are an ever-increasing problem in greenhouse floriculture crops. Thrips resistance to pesticides as well as tighter regulations on pesticide use are making thrips management in the greenhouse more difficult. To improve host plant resistance, a study was conducted to determine if impatiens cultivars varied in their susceptibility to western flower thrips feeding damage. In a replicated study, nine impatiens cultivars were inoculated with about 30 thrips. Thrips were allowed to feed on individual plants during an 8-week period of growth. During plant growth, visual evaluations to estimate thrips feeding damage were conducted every 2 weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment, a final visual evaluation was made and thrips numbers were determined. Cultivars varied in estimates of thrips feeding damage. Several cultivars exhibited significantly reduced levels of thrips feeding damage. Of these cultivars, some had high thrips population levels, indicating tolerance, while other cultivars had low thrips population levels, an indication of antibiosis. One cultivar was determined to be highly susceptible to thrips feeding damage. This cultivar was so damaged by the end of the study, remaining plant material was unable to support thrips populations. Variability was found in the levels of thrips feeding damage and thrips population levels indicating the presence of tolerance and/or antibiosis. Because of detected variability, the potential for improving impatiens resistance to thrips feeding damages exists.

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Resistance to Western Flower Thrips Feeding Damage in Impatiens Populations from Costa Rica

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.7.1424 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 1424-1427 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel F. Warnock

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Feeding Damage ◽

Single Population ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

Impatiens Wallerana

Western flower thrips (WFT) [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] is a pest of greenhouse-grown floriculture crops worldwide. To determine if plant resistance varied in three populations of impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f.) collected near San Vito, Costa Rica, 59 genotypes were evaluated for resistance to feeding by WFT. Individual insect-free plants of each genotype were inoculated with 20 laboratory-reared WFT. Thrips were allowed to feed on individual plants for a 4-week period followed by visual evaluations to estimate feeding damage. Feeding damage varied among genotypes. Thirty-seven genotypes had feeding damage levels similar to the susceptible control, while 22 entries were significantly more resistant than the susceptible control. Of the 22 genotypes with some level of resistance, six genotypes were commercially acceptable, having mean visual ratings below 4.0 on a 1 to 9 evaluation scale. Five of these six genotypes were seedlings from a single population and represented 13.9% of the seedlings in that population. The remaining seedling was from a second San Vito population. The plants in these populations identified as having acceptable levels of damage may be useful in a breeding program designed to enhance resistance to WFT feeding damage. Because WFT feeding damage varied among genotypes, the potential for improving impatiens resistance to WFT exists within available germplasm.

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Resistance of Impatiens Germplasm to Western Flower Thrips Feeding Damage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.5.802 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 802-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bejie Herrin ◽

Daniel Warnock

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Host Plant Resistance ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Present Problem ◽

Feeding Damage ◽

Wild Type ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Impatiens Wallerana

Western flower thrips (WFT) [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] are an ever-present problem in greenhouse floricultural crops. To determine if host plant resistance varied in impatiens [Impatiens wallerana Hook. f.] nine genotypes were evaluated for resistance to WFT feeding damage. Individual insect-free plants of each genotype were inoculated with ≈30 laboratory-reared WFT. Thrips were allowed to feed on individual plants for a 4-week period during which visual evaluations were conducted every 2 weeks to estimate feeding damage. Feeding damage varied among genotypes and increased with time. At 4 weeks after inoculation, `Cajun Carmine' and `Super Elfin Lavender' had significantly less feeding damage than all other genotypes. The San Vito Wild-type germplasm was determined to be highly susceptible to thrips feeding damage based on visual evaluations. Because WFT feeding damage varied among genotypes, the potential for improving impatiens resistance to WFT exists within commercially available germplasm.

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Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071384 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1384

Author(s):

Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽

Young Hae Choi ◽

Kirsten A. Leiss ◽

Peter G. L. Klinkhamer

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Host Plant Resistance ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Triterpenoid Saponins ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

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AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS).

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1111 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1111H-1112

Author(s):

Marsha A. Bower ◽

L. Michele Quinn ◽

John M. Brown

Keyword(s):

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Body Cavity ◽

The Body ◽

Control Measures ◽

Steinernema Feltiae ◽

Management Approach ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Orange Yellow ◽

Thrips Population

Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of biological control measures to control Western Flower Thrips. Thrips population and preferred trap color were examined using sticky trap tapes in 5 fluorescent colors, orange, yellow, green, blue and pink. Results indicated that pink is more effective in attracting thrips than the traditional yellow or the newly acclaimed blue sticky traps on the market now. Studies were also conducted to determine if the entomogenous nematode (Steinernema feltiae) could invade and parasitize Western Flower Thrips, and which stage of the thrips life cycle was most susceptible to parasitization. Thrips were dissected and checked for nematode invasion at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. S. feltiae was found to invade the body cavity after 24 hours in the larval stage of Western Flower Thrips resulting in death.

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Resistance of Greenhouse, Laboratory, and Native Populations of Western Flower Thrips to Spinosad

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.1.146 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 146-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Rebecca L. Loughner ◽

Daniel F. Warnock ◽

Raymond A. Cloyd

Keyword(s):

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Reference Population ◽

Population Based ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Ratio Analysis ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Native Populations ◽

History Of ◽

Thrips Population

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] collected from greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations were evaluated for resistance to the insecticide spinosad. Individual cut stems of transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) were inoculated with 25 adults from 1 of 9 thrips populations and maintained in isolation chambers. Treatments of no spray, water spray, spinosad at one-half label rate (0.41 mL·L-1) and spinosad at the recommended label rate (0.81 mL·L-1) were applied to the flowers. Three days after treatment, the number of live and dead thrips was recorded. Significantly more thrips were recovered from the control treatments than the spinosad treatments. Thrips survival varied by treatment and insect population. Based on an odds ratio analysis, the likelihood of recovering live thrips was greater in the IL-GH1 (Illinois greenhouse) population than in the NV-N1 (Nevada native) reference population for both spinosad treatments, suggesting resistance to spinosad in the IL-GH1 population. The IL-GH1 population was collected from a greenhouse regularly sprayed with spinosad whereas the NV-N1 population was collected in Incline Village, Nev., on wildflowers with no history of exposure to spinosad. This is the first documented indication of spinosad resistance in a thrips population. In comparison to the NV-N1 reference population, none of the populations collected from laboratory or native nonagricultural environments exhibited evidence of resistance to spinosad. Resistance to an insecticide with a novel mode of action, such as spinosad, indicates the necessity of rotating insecticides and implementing alternative methods of managing western flower thrips. Chemical names used: spinosad including spinosyn A and spinosyn D (Conserve SC).

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Fertility Affects Susceptibility of Chrysanthemum to Western Flower Thrips: Influence on Plant Growth, Photosynthesis, and Ethylene Evolution

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.768e ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 768E-769

Author(s):

Fred Davies* ◽

Chuanjiu He ◽

Amanda Chau ◽

Kevin Heinz ◽

Jay Spiers

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Low Fertility ◽

High Fertility ◽

Ethylene Evolution ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

This research details the influence of fertility on plant growth, photosynthesis and ethylene evolution of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev var. Charm) inoculated with western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). We tested the hypothesis that moderate levels of nitrogen would better control western flower thrips on chrysanthemum. While thrips are known to reduce plant quality, there have been few comprehensive studies on plant response to thrips population dynamics—analyzing changes in plant growth and development, plant gas exchange and ethylene evolution. Plants were exposed to four fertility levels that consisted of 0%, 10%, 20% and 100% (375 ppm N) of recommended nitrogen levels. Thrips abundance was greatest at high fertility. Thrips depressed plant vegetative and reproductive growth and altered carbohydrate partitioning. Thrips-inoculated (TI) plants also had reduced leaf area and lower leaf mass than thrips-free (NonTI) plants, but did not differ in specific leaf area [(SLA) leaf area (cm2)/leaf DM (g)]. However, high fertility plants had greater biomass and higher SLA, i.e., thinner leaves than low fertility treatments. Thrips reduced photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) in young, mature and older basal leaves, with gs showing greater sensitivity than Pn. Ethylene and chlorophyll levels in thrips damaged leaves did not differ from Non-TI plants.

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Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips).

10.1079/cpc.24426.20210102720 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stuart Reitz

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Agricultural Pests ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

The World

Abstract Since the 1970s Frankliniella occidentalis has successfully invaded many countries to become one of the most important agricultural pests of ornamental, vegetable and fruit crops globally. Its invasiveness is largely attributed to the international movement of plant material and insecticide resistance, both of which have combined to foster the rapid spread of the species throughout the world (Kirk and Terry, 2003; Reitz et al., 2020). Individuals are very small and they reside in concealed places on plants; thus are easily hidden and hard to detect in transported plant material. They reproduce rapidly and are highly polyphagous, breeding on many horticultural crops that are transported around the world. F. occidentalis is species no. 177 on the list of A2 pests regulated as quarantine pests in the European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) region (version 2005-09). It has now reached many countries, and remains a serious threat to crops in those countries that it has not yet reached.

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α-Ionone, an Apocarotenoid, Induces Plant Resistance to Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Independently of Jasmonic Acid

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mika Murata ◽

Tetsuya Kobayashi ◽

Shigemi Seo

Keyword(s):

Jasmonic Acid ◽

Plant Resistance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Common Cutworm ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

As Stress

Apocarotenoids, such as β-cyclocitral, α-ionone, β-ionone, and loliolide, are derived from carotenes via chemical or enzymatic processes. Recent studies revealed that β-cyclocitral and loliolide play an important role in various aspects of plant physiology, such as stress responses, plant growth, and herbivore resistance. However, information on the physiological role of α-ionone is limited. We herein investigated the effects of α-ionone on plant protection against herbivore attacks. The pretreatment of whole tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with α-ionone vapor decreased the survival rate of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) without exhibiting insecticidal activity. Exogenous α-ionone enhanced the expression of defense-related genes, such as basic β-1,3-glucanase and basic chitinase genes, in tomato leaves, but not that of jasmonic acid (JA)- or loliolide-responsive genes. The pretreatment with α-ionone markedly decreased egg deposition by western flower thrips in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant coi1-1. We also found that common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae fed on α-ionone-treated tomato plants exhibited a reduction in weight. These results suggest that α-ionone induces plant resistance to western flower thrips through a different mode of action from that of JA and loliolide.

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FEEDING PREFERENCES OF THE WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE), AND INCIDENCE OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS AMONG CULTIVARS OF FLORIST’S CHRYSANTHEMUM

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1221111-11 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 122 (6) ◽

pp. 1111-1117 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A.B. Broadbent ◽

J.A. Matteoni ◽

W.R. Allen

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Feeding Damage ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wide Range ◽

Growth Room ◽

Wilt Virus

AbstractA wide range in feeding damage as defined by leaf scars among 27 cultivars of florist’s chrysanthemum was apparent for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Assessments based on numbers of feeding scars or ranking of cultivars on the basis of the leaf area damaged by feeding were in close agreement. Cultivars with the most feeding damage under growth room conditions, such as cvs. White Marble and Polaris, were the same as those in plots within a naturally infested commercial greenhouse. Under growth room conditions, a 2- to 4-week exposure of plants to a population of thrips was sufficient to evaluate feeding damage. Closely related cultivars had similar levels of feeding damage, and foliage of yellow-flowered cultivars was significantly more attractive to thrips for feeding than foliage of white-flowered sister cultivars during the pre-bloom period. There was a low correlation between feeding damage and incidence of the tomato spotted wilt virus among cultivars in both growth room and greenhouse tests, indicating that virus susceptibility of cultivars was epidemiologically more significant than the feeding activity of western flower thrips.

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