scholarly journals Method of Application of Uniconazol Affects Vegetative Growth of Pecan

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1199-1201
Author(s):  
Charles J. Graham ◽  
J. Benton Storey
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Canopy Soil ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Application Methods

Pollarded `Wichita' pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] trees received 2 g uniconazol (UCZ) per tree using four application methods (trunk band, canopy soil injection, crown soil injection, and crown drench). All application methods increased trunk diameter but reduced shoot length, number of lateral shoots per terminal, nodes per terminal, internode length, and leaflets per compound leaf. Only the crown drench reduced leaf area. Area and dry weight per leaflet, and leaflet chlorophyll concentration were not affected by UCZ application. Effectiveness in growth reduction, as assessed by shoot elongation, was crown soil drench > crown soil injection > canopy soil injection > trunk band > control. All application methods increased viviparity. However, total yield per tree, nut size, and percentage of kernel were not affected. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazol).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MECHANICAL STRESS ON CONDITIONING AND YIELD OF FOUR JAPANESE CULTIVARS OF CUCUMBER

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1148f-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Latimer ◽  
T. Johjima ◽  
K. Harada
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Female Flowers

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were brushed with a suspended bar for 1.5 min twice daily for 12 days (ST) prior to planting. One group of plants was brushed for an additional 10 days (LT) after planting. ST reduced stem length 12 to 28% and shoot dry weight 6 to 24% with `Kurume-ochiai-H' least responsive. ST reduced the numbers of female flowers on lateral shoots of `Ritsurin' and `Chikanari-suhyoh' while LT affected `Nanshin' and `Chikanari-suhyoh'. Brushing did not affect the total number of fruits or mean fruit size or weight of any cultivar, but both ST and LT decreased the total yield of `Ritsurin' grown in a plastic house. Brushing provides good growth control of containerized cucumber transplants with some responses differing among the cultivars. [Project funded by JSPS and Monbusho.]

Hexazinone toxicity in red pine and jack pine

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2230-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Wood ◽  
John B. Scarratt ◽  
Gerald R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Bud Initiation

Experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions to determine the toxicity of hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) to red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.) during their period of rapid shoot elongation in spring and after initiation of overwintering buds in August. Red pine was a minimum of 10- and 12-fold more tolerant to soil-applied hexazinone than was jack pine on the basis of effective concentration values (EC50, the herbicide concentration that results in a 50% growth reduction compared with the control) for root dry weight and shoot fresh weight, respectively. In the spring experiment, EC50 values were approximately 0.062 and 1.75 kg a.i. (active ingredient)•ha−1 for jack pine and red pine shoot fresh weights, respectively. For root dry weight, EC50 values were roughly 0.04 and 2.0 kg a.i.•ha−1 for jack pine and red pine, respectively. Except for a somewhat reduced sensitivity in jack pine, similar results were obtained with soil applications of hexazinone after bud initiation in August.

scholarly journals Growth of Four Tropical Foliage Species Treated with Paclobutrazol or Uniconazole

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Tung Wang ◽  
Thomas M. Blessington
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Codiaeum Variegatum ◽  
Short Stems ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Severe Growth

Uniconazole and paclobutrazol were tested for their effects on greenhouse production of four foliage species. Soil drenches of uniconazole retarded shoot and petiole elongation of Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Paclobutrazol reduced shoot elongation, but required higher doses than uniconazole and did not reduce petiole growth. Foliar sprays with either retardant at 12.5 mg·liter-1 resulted in short stems on lateral shoots of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume `Karen' after pinching, but soil drenches at low rates were less effective. Soil drenches of uniconazole or paclobutrazol were equally effective in reducing stem growth of Syngonium podophyllum Schott `White Butterfly' and increasing leaf width, but had no effect on the rate of leaf production or blade length. Both retardants induced short petioles in this species. Severe growth reduction occured on Plectranthus australis R. Br. even at the lowest rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol (0.025 and 0.20 mg/pot, respectively) as soil drenches. Production of lateral shoots was inhibited for P. australis by both retardants. Chemical names used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy1-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole); (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-(H-1,2,4-triazol-l-Yl-)Dentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).

scholarly journals A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. D. Wolf ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Epiphyte Communities ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Abstract:The sampling of epiphytes is fraught with methodological difficulties. We present a protocol to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte richness and abundance in forests of different structure (SVERA). Epiphyte abundance is estimated as biomass by recording the number of plant components in a range of size cohorts. Epiphyte species biomass is estimated on 35 sample-trees, evenly distributed over six trunk diameter-size cohorts (10 trees with dbh > 30 cm). Tree height, dbh and number of forks (diameter > 5 cm) yield a dimensionless estimate of the size of the tree. Epiphyte dry weight and species richness between forests is compared with ANCOVA that controls for tree size. SChao1 is used as an estimate of the total number of species at the sites. The relative dependence of the distribution of the epiphyte communities on environmental and spatial variables may be assessed using multivariate analysis and Mantel test. In a case study, we compared epiphyte vegetation of six Mexican oak forests and one Colombian oak forest at similar elevation. We found a strongly significant positive correlation between tree size and epiphyte richness or biomass at all sites. In forests with a higher diversity of host trees, more trees must be sampled. Epiphyte biomass at the Colombian site was lower than in any of the Mexican sites; without correction for tree size no significant differences in terms of epiphyte biomass could be detected. The occurrence of spatial dependence, at both the landscape level and at the tree level, shows that the inclusion of spatial descriptors in SVERA is justified.

scholarly journals Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1093-1104
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kulczycki ◽  
Elżbieta Sacała
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Cr Content ◽  
Chromium Stress

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the influence of increasing doses of chromium (Cr) (26, 39, and 52 mg kg−1 soil) and elemental sulfur (S) (60 mg kg−1 soil) on growth, yield, and mineral nutrition in wheat and maize. Macro- and micronutrients and Cr concentrations were determined in the aboveground parts of plants. All examined doses of Cr caused a marked decrease in the fresh and dry weight of maize. Wheat was more tolerant than maize, and lower Cr doses caused a small but statistically significant increase in the total yield. Wheat accumulated more than twofold Cr than maize, and the concentrations increased with higher Cr concentrations in the soil. The application of S significantly improved the total biomass production and lowered the Cr content in both plants. Cr changed the mineral nutrition in both cereals, but the pattern of changes observed was not the same. Applying S alleviated some adverse effects caused by the Cr. Hence, it is concluded that the application of elemental S may be an effective strategy to reduce adverse effects in plants grown on soil contaminated by heavy metals, especially Cr.

Growth and yield impact of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq P. Kumm) cultivated on different agricultural wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 2225-2233
Author(s):  
M. O. Agba ◽  
◽  
A. A. Markson ◽  
J. O. Oni ◽  
G. A. Bassey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Essential Food

Pleurotus ostreatus, an edible mushroom is an essential food product. Recognised as one of the cheapest sources of proteins, their high nutritional and anti-nutritional properties are of immense importance to humans. The present study evaluated the effect of sawdust and dried plantain leaves on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. Sawdust and dried plantain leaves were composted into seven substrates; as single substrates and at different combinations. The composted substrates include sawdust 100 % (M0), Dry plantain leaves 100% (M1), Dry plantain leaves + sawdust at the ratio of 1:4 (M2), 2:3 (M3), 3:2 (M4), 1:1 (M5) and 4:1(M6). Growth parameters of interest assessed flush include mycelia running rate (MRR), area of pileus, length of the stipe, the girth of the stipe, fresh weight and dry weight, number of fruit body, total yield and biological efficiency. At the end of the three weeks spawn running period, M0 was overall best in supporting mycelia running rate with a mean MRR of 16.00 cm. M1 substrates produced mushroom with longer and bigger stipes (7.17 cm) at the first flush. A higher number of fruit bodies (82.66), total yield (130.35 g), and biological efficiency (43.45 g) were all seen in M0 substrates. Sawdust at 100 % (M0) proved to be the best substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus.

scholarly journals Its What’s on the Inside That Counts: An Effective, Efficient, and Streamlined Method for Quantification of Octocoral Symbiodiniaceae and Chlorophyll

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Kate Steinberg ◽  
Emma L. Johnston ◽  
Teresa Bednarek ◽  
Katherine A. Dafforn ◽  
Tracy D. Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

Ocean warming driven bleaching is one of the greatest threats to zooxanthellate cnidarians in the Anthropocene. Bleaching is the loss of Symbiodiniaceae, chlorophyll, or both from zooxanthellate animals. To quantify bleaching and recovery, standardised methods for quantification of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll concentrations have been developed for reef-building scleractinian corals, but no such standard method has been developed for octocorals. For stony corals, quantification of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll concentrations often relies on normalisation to skeletal surface area or unit of biomass [i.e., protein, ash-free dry weight (AFDW)]. Stiff octocorals do not change their volume, as such studies have used volume and surface area to standardise densities, but soft-bodied octocorals can alter their size using water movement within the animal; therefore, Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll cannot accurately be measured per unit of surface area and are instead measured in units of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll per μg of host protein or AFDW. Though AFDW is more representative of the full biomass composition than host protein, AFDW is more time and resource intensive. Here, we provide a streamlined methodology to quantify Symbiodiniaceae density, chlorophyll concentration, and protein content in soft-bodied octocorals. This technique uses minimal equipment, does not require freeze-drying or burning samples to obtain ash weight, and is effective for down to 0.2 g wet tissue. Bulk samples can be centrifuged, the Symbiodiniaceae pellet washed, and the supernatant saved for protein analysis. This efficient technique allows for clean, easy to count samples of Symbiodiniaceae with minimal animal protein contamination. Chlorophyll a and c2 extractions occurs at different rates, with chlorophyll a taking 24 h to extract completely at 4°C and chlorophyll c2 taking 48 h. Finally, we found that where necessary, wet weight may be used as a proxy for protein content, but the correlation of protein and wet weight varies by species and protein should be used when possible. Overall, we have created a rapid and accurate method for quantification of bleaching markers in octocorals.

Effect of Herbicides on Germination and Growth of Four Grass Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Germination And Growth

In the greenhouse, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 0.6 kg ae/ha applied directly to seeds alone or seeds on the soil surface reduced germination and shoot dry weight of common rye (Secale cerealeL. ♯3SECCE). Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) applied similarly at 0.6 kg ai/ha reduced germination and shoot dry weight of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Daws' ♯ TRZAX). Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one] at 0.6 kg ai/ha applied to seeds, soil, or seeds and soil had very little effect on germination, but significantly reduced shoot dry weight of common rye, downy brome, wheat, and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost. ♯ AEGCY). Pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] at 0.6 kg ai/ha, and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) at 3.4 kg ai/ha plus extender (p-chlorophenyl-N-methylcarbamate) at 0.4 kg ai/ha substantially reduced shoot height and dry weight of all species, regardless of application method, with pronamide completely inhibiting shoot elongation and dry-weight production in three of the four species.

scholarly journals Optimization of Catechin and Proanthocyanidin Recovery from Grape Seeds Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
W. P. D. Wass Thilakarathna ◽  
Tessema Astatkie ◽  
H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Epicatechin Gallate ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Potential Applicability

Grape seed extract (GSE) is a rich source of condensed flavonoid tannins, also called proanthocyanidins (PACs). The high molecular weight of polymeric PAC limits their biological activity due to poor bioavailability. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential applicability of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to convert GSE-PAC into monomeric catechins. A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the processing conditions for the MAE. The maximum total yield of monomeric catechins (catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate) and PAC were 8.2 mg/g dry weight (DW) and 56.4 mg catechin equivalence (CE)/g DW, respectively. The optimized MAE condition was 94% ethanol, 170 °C temperature, and a duration of 55 min. Compared to the results for PACs extracted via conventional extraction (Con) (94% ethanol; shaking at 25 °C for 55 min), MAE yielded 3.9-fold more monomeric catechins and 5.5-fold more PACs. The MAE showed higher antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of the conventional extract, suggesting the potential use of the MAE products of grape seeds as a functional food ingredient and nutraceutical.

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