scholarly journals Irrigation Frequency Effects on Turgor Pressure of Creeping Bentgrass and Soil Air Composition

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Jordan ◽  
Richard H. White ◽  
James C. Thomas ◽  
Trent C. Hale ◽  
Donald M. Vietor
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Soil Air ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Proper water management is a major responsibility of managers of creeping bentgrass grown on putting greens in the hot and humid southern states. The combination of shallow root systems, sand-based root zones, high temperatures, and high evaporative demands frequently results in severe drought stress on bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) greens. This study was initiated to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on creeping bentgrass turgor pressure and on the O2 and CO2 concentrations in a sand-based root zone mixture. In total, 81 plots, 1.5 × 1.5 m each, were established on a USGA-type root zone mixture and organized into 9 groups of 9 plots each. Each group could be irrigated individually. One plot in each group was planted to either `A-4', `Crenshaw', `Mariner', `L-93', or `Penncross' creeping bentgrass. Irrigation frequency treatments of 1-, 2-, and 4-day replacement of historical PET were imposed on three groups each. After establishment, measurements of the leaf water potential, osmotic potential, soil oxygen concentration, and soil carbon dioxide concentrations were made over a 1- to 2-year period. Bentgrass irrigated every 1 or 2 days had significantly (P = 0.05) greater turgor pressures at 0600 hr as compared to turf irrigated every 4 days in 1997. No differences were seen in 1998 due to drier environmental conditions. Concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the soil air remained in the optimal range for all treatments, indicating that lack of O2 in the root zone as a result of frequent irrigation may not be the primary cause for reduced rooting depth of bentgrass grown on highly permeable sand-based root zone mixtures.

scholarly journals Use of High-pressure Injection to Alleviate Type-I Fairy Ring Symptoms in Turfgrass

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Fidanza ◽  
P.F. Colbaugh ◽  
M.C. Engelke ◽  
S.D. Davis ◽  
K.E. Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Type I ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
Spray Method ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
High Pressure Injection

Fairy ring is a common and troublesome disease of turfgrasses maintained on golf course putting greens. Type-I fairy ring is especially destructive due to the development of hydrophobic conditions in the thatch and root zone, thus contributing to turfgrass injury and loss. The objective of this 2-year field study was to evaluate the application and novel delivery method of two fungicides and a soil surfactant for curative control of type-I fairy ring in a 20-year-old creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (synonym A. stolonifera)] putting green. In both years, all treatments were applied twice on a 28-day interval. In 1998, flutolanil and azoxystrobin fungicides were applied alone and in combination with Primer soil surfactant by a conventional topical spray method, and fungicides without Primer applied via high-pressure injection (HPI). Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with flutolanil plus Primer, HPI flutolanil, azoxystrobin alone, azoxystrobin plus Primer, or HPI azoxystrobin. In 1999, treatments were HPI flutolanil, HPI flutolanil plus Primer, HPI azoxystrobin, HPI water only, and aeration only. Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with HPI flutolanil plus Primer or HPI azoxystrobin. HPI of fungicides alone or in combination with a soil surfactant may be a viable option for alleviating type-I fairy ring symptoms on golf course putting greens.

scholarly journals Effects of Flutolanil Fungicide and Primer Wetting Agent on Water-repellent Soil

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith J. Karnok ◽  
Kevin A. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Soil Hydrophobicity ◽  
Dry Spot

Localized dry spot (LDS) caused by water repellent soil is a common problem on golf course putting greens having a predominately sand root zone. Fairy ring often causes LDS by developing hydrophobic soil. Although the fungicide flutolanil is labeled for the control of fairy ring, golf course superintendents often apply flutolanil to all LDS caused by hydrophobic soil and other conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of flutolanil on an existing hydrophobic soil. The study was conducted on a creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (synonym A. stolonifera)] experimental golf green in which the top 4 inches (10.2 cm) of the root zone was a moderately hydrophobic sand. Six treatments were used: uncored, cored, flutolanil (two applications.), flutolanil + Primer wetting agent (two applications.), Primer (two applications.) and Primer (three applications.). Plots receiving the fungicide and wetting agent treatments were cored before application. Each treatment containing the wetting agent significantly reduced soil water repellency. Flutolanil without wetting agent had no effect on soil hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals First Report of Summer Patch of Creeping Bentgrass Caused by Magnaporthiopsis poae in Southeastern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Zhou ◽  
Min Yin ◽  
Fei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Club ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
First Report ◽  
Oat Seeds

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is an important cool-season perennial turfgrass that has been widely used on golf courses across China. In July 2017, an unknown disease outbreak caused damages on seven of the 18 putting greens of creeping bentgrass at Jiuqiao golf club in Hangzhou city of Zhejiang province, day-time high temperatures were consistently above 35°C during the disease development. Symptoms appeared in tan irregular patches of 5 to 20-cm diameter, exhibiting chlorosis and foliar dieback in most part. Necrotic roots were frequently observed in diseased areas and colonized with ectotrophic hyphae under a microscope. Similar symptoms and signs were reported on creeping bentgrass caused by Magnaporthiopsis poae (Landschoot & Jackson) J. Luo & N. Zhang on golf courses in Beijing (Hu et al. 2017). Fifteen disease samples were collected from seven putting greens. Dark root tips were cut, surface sterilized in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 5 min, washed twice with sterilized water, air dried for 1 min and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing each of 50 mg L-1 ampicillin, streptomycin sulfate, and tetracycline. Plates were incubated in the dark at room temperature for 4 days, and 10 fungal isolates with similar morphology as described by Clarke and Gould (1993) were consistently recovered from the diseased root tips. DNA of two representative isolates was extracted and amplified with primers ITS 5/ITS 4 (White et al. 1990). PCR products were sequenced (deposited in GenBank as MZ895215 and MZ895216), and BLAST analysis showed 99.17% similarity to M. poae (accession number: DQ528765). Six plastic pots (15 cm height × 15 cm top diameter × 10 cm bottom diameter, three replicates for each isolate) were seeded with creeping bentgrass and placed in the greenhouse for two months of plant growth before inoculation. The pathogenic inoculum was prepared by inoculating autoclaved oat seeds with M. poae isolates, followed by two weeks of incubation at 25°C. About 25 mg M. poae-infested oat seeds were placed 10 cm below the soil surface in the root zone of creeping bentgrass. Non-infested oat seeds were inoculated on healthy creeping bentgrass as controls. Pots were placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h day/night cycle at 35/28°C and watered daily to keep high soil moisture. Disease symptoms (foliar dieback and necrotic roots) were noted 3 weeks after inoculation. M. poae was consistently recovered from the roots of inoculated turf and identified molecularly as described above, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of summer patch on creeping bentgrass caused by M. poae in southeastern China. This research demonstrates a wider distribution of M. poae and will be an important step towards the development of management strategies for summer patch control in China.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Level, Photosynthesis, and Respiration in Creeping Bentgrass as Influenced by Spring and Summer Coring

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinmin Fu ◽  
Peter H. Dernoeden
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Carbohydrates provide energy required to maintain healthy plant growth in summer. Coring is performed periodically on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens for numerous reasons; however, its impact on carbohydrate metabolism in creeping bentgrass is unknown. The objectives of this 2-year field study were to examine the effects of coring on rates of photosynthesis (Pn) and whole plant respiration (Rw), and to quantify water-soluble carbohydrates [WSC (i.e., glucose, fructose, and sucrose)], storage carbohydrates [SC (i.e., fructan and starch], and total nonstructural carbohydrates [TNC (i.e., WSC + SC)] in creeping bentgrass leaves and roots during the summer. The study site was ‘Providence’ creeping bentgrass grown on a sand-based root zone and was maintained as a putting green. Three coring treatments were assessed as follows: spring-only coring, spring plus three summer corings, and a noncored control. Pn and Rw were measured about 21 d following coring with hollow tines. Pn and Rw rates generally were similar among all three coring treatments in both years. Hence, summer coring had no apparent negative impact on Pn or Rw. Leaf and root WSC, SC, and TNC levels were similar among coring treatments throughout the summer of each year. However, root TNC levels were lower in July of each year in spring plus summer-cored bentgrass versus other coring treatments. By September, leaves and roots from spring plus summer-cored creeping bentgrass had higher TNC levels when compared with spring-only or noncored bentgrass. Leaf and root SC levels from spring plus summer-cored bentgrass were also higher in September than were observed in noncored bentgrass. Spring plus summer coring benefited creeping bentgrass by promoting an accumulation of carbohydrates in late summer, which could assist plants in their recovery from summer stresses.

Use of TEM in Plant Disease Diagnosis: A Xylem-Limited Bacterium Associated with Diseased ‘Toronto’ Creeping Bentgrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
Karen K. Baker ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Plant Disease Diagnosis

Plant disease diagnosis is most often accomplished by examination of symptoms and observation or isolation of causal organisms. Occasionally, diseases of unknown etiology occur and are difficult or impossible to accurately diagnose by the usual means. In 1980, such a disease was observed on Agrostis palustris Huds. c.v. Toronto (creeping bentgrass) putting greens at the Butler National Golf Course in Oak Brook, IL.The wilting symptoms of the disease and the irregular nature of its spread through affected areas suggested that an infectious agent was involved. However, normal isolation procedures did not yield any organism known to infect turf grass. TEM was employed in order to aid in the possible diagnosis of the disease.Crown, root and leaf tissue of both infected and symptomless plants were fixed in cold 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in a 1:1 mixture of Spurrs and epon-araldite epoxy resins.

scholarly journals Humic acids-based biostimulants impact on root viability and hormone metabolism in creeping bentgrass putting greens

itsrj ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Mike Goatley ◽  
David McCall ◽  
Kelly Kosiarski ◽  
Frank Reith
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acids ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Putting Greens

Control of Silvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) Putting Greens

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith D. Burnell ◽  
Fred H. Yelverton ◽  
Joseph C. Neal ◽  
Travis W. Gannon ◽  
J. Scott McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Elk River ◽  
Turfgrass Quality

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate chemicals for silvery-thread moss control and bentgrass turfgrass quality. Treatments included iron (Fe)-containing products, nitrogen fertilizers, Ultra Dawn dishwashing detergent (UD) at 3% (v/v), and oxadiazon. In general, greater silvery-thread moss control was achieved with Fe-containing products. Ferrous sulfate at 40 kg Fe/ha plus ammonium sulfate at 30 kg N/ha, a combined product of ferrous oxide, ferrous sulfate, and iron humates (FEOSH) at 125 kg Fe/ha, and a combined product of iron disulfide and ferrous sulfate (FEDS) at 112 kg Fe/ha reduced silvery-thread moss populations 87, 81, and 69%, respectively, 6 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). UD reduced silvery-thread moss populations 57% 6 WAIT. The addition of oxadiazon to Fe-containing treatments did not improve silvery-thread moss population reduction. Other experiments evaluated two formulations of chlorothalonil, each applied at two rates, chlorothalonil with zinc at 9.5 and 17.4 kg ai/ha and chlorothalonil without zinc at 9.1 and 18.2 kg/ ha, and two spray volumes (2,038 and 4,076 L/ha). Greater silvery-thread moss population reduction was observed at Jefferson Landing in 1999 compared with Elk River in 1999 and 2000. Rainfall events at Elk River in 1999 and 2000 within 24 h after application and no rain at Jefferson Landing may account for variation in performance of products between sites. However, no difference in chlorothalonil formulation, rate, or spray volume was observed in any location or year. These data indicate that Fe-containing fertilizers or chlorothalonil can be used to reduce silvery-thread moss populations in creeping bentgrass putting greens.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics of Root Apex and Root Elongation Zones Provides Insights into Molecular Mechanisms for Drought Stress and Recovery Adjustment in Switchgrass

Proteomes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhujia Ye ◽  
Sasikiran Reddy Sangireddy ◽  
Chih-Li Yu ◽  
Dafeng Hui ◽  
Kevin Howe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Drought Treatment

Switchgrass plants were grown in a Sandwich tube system to induce gradual drought stress by withholding watering. After 29 days, the leaf photosynthetic rate decreased significantly, compared to the control plants which were watered regularly. The drought-treated plants recovered to the same leaf water content after three days of re-watering. The root tip (1cm basal fragment, designated as RT1 hereafter) and the elongation/maturation zone (the next upper 1 cm tissue, designated as RT2 hereafter) tissues were collected at the 29th day of drought stress treatment, (named SDT for severe drought treated), after one (D1W) and three days (D3W) of re-watering. The tandem mass tags mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis was performed to identify the proteomes, and drought-induced differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). From RT1 tissues, 6156, 7687, and 7699 proteins were quantified, and 296, 535, and 384 DAPs were identified in the SDT, D1W, and D3W samples, respectively. From RT2 tissues, 7382, 7255, and 6883 proteins were quantified, and 393, 587, and 321 proteins DAPs were identified in the SDT, D1W, and D3W samples. Between RT1 and RT2 tissues, very few DAPs overlapped at SDT, but the number of such proteins increased during the recovery phase. A large number of hydrophilic proteins and stress-responsive proteins were induced during SDT and remained at a higher level during the recovery stages. A large number of DAPs in RT1 tissues maintained the same expression pattern throughout drought treatment and the recovery phases. The DAPs in RT1 tissues were classified in cell proliferation, mitotic cell division, and chromatin modification, and those in RT2 were placed in cell wall remodeling and cell expansion processes. This study provided information pertaining to root zone-specific proteome changes during drought and recover phases, which will allow us to select proteins (genes) as better defined targets for developing drought tolerant plants. The mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017441.

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