scholarly journals Mowing Operations Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Ball Roll following Plant Growth Regulator Applications

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
The Third ◽  
Equal Ball ◽  
Green Ball ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are commonly used to enhance putting green quality and ball roll distances but their effects with various mowing operations have not been reported. Three experiments were conducted and repeated at Clemson University, Clemson, SC, on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass putting green to evaluate the effects of mowing operations and PGRs on diurnal ball roll distances. The PGRs tested included ethephon at (a.i.) 3.8 kg·ha-1, flurprimidol at (a.i.) 0.28 kg·ha-1, paclobutrazol at (a.i.) 0.28 kg·ha-1, and trinexapac-ethyl at (a.i.) 0.05 kg·ha-1. Mowing operations tested included rolling vs. mowing, morning mowing vs. morning plus afternoon mowing, and single vs. double morning mowing, all with and without PGRs. PGR by mowing operation interactions did not occur in any experiments. Ball roll distances decreased from 12:00 hr to evening observations in all experiments. In Experiment 1, rolling the green without mowing reduced ball roll distance 4% (5 cm) compared to mowing. Turf rolled without mowing in the morning and treated with flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and trinexapac-ethyl produced similar ball roll at 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 hr to mowed untreated turf. In Experiment 2, all plots were mowed at 08:00 hr and half of each plot was remowed at 12:30 hr. The second mowing at 12:30 hr enhanced ball roll distances 6% (8 cm) over the day. Turf mowed only at 08:00 and treated with paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl had greater or equal ball roll distances at 12:30, 15:30, and 18:30 hr to untreated turf that had a second mowing at 12:30 hr. Turf receiving ethephon and 08:00 hr mowing had 4% to 12% (4 to 17 cm) shorter ball roll distances throughout the day compared to untreated turf mowed at 8:00 and 08:00+12:30 hr, respectively. In the third experiment, mowing twice in the morning increased ball roll 3% (4 cm) compared to mowing once. Trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol treated turf mowed once in the morning had greater or equal ball roll distances throughout the day to untreated turf mowed twice in the morning. Overall, PGR use may provide putting green ball roll distances similar to or greater than untreated turf despite additional mowing; however, ethephon reduced ball roll distances regardless of mowing operations. Chemical names used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol} (flurprimidol); (+/-)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] (ethephon).

scholarly journals Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid Inhibitors Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Quality and Ball Roll Distances

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902-1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Green Ball ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often applied in combinations to reduce turf clippings, enhance turf quality, and suppress Poa annua L.; however, effects of PGR combinations on putting green ball roll distances have not been reported. Two field experiments were conducted on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds.) putting green in Clemson, S.C., to investigate effects of four PGRs with and without a subsequent application of ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i. 6 days after initial treatments. The PGRs initially applied included ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i., flurprimidol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., paclobutrazol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., and trinexapac-ethyl at 0.05 kg·ha–1 a.i.. Ball roll distances were enhanced 3% to 6% (4 to 8 cm) by exclusive flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and trinexapac-ethyl treatments. The additional ethephon application reduced ball distances 2% to 9% (2 to 11 cm). Paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl treated turf receiving the additional ethephon application had longer or similar ball roll distances to non-PGR treated turf. The additional ethephon treatment reduced turf quality to unacceptable levels 1 and 2 weeks after applications. However, bentgrass treated previously with trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol had 8 to 16% higher visual quality following the additional ethephon treatment relative to non-PGR treated turf receiving the subsequent ethephon application. Overall, ethephon may have deleterious effects on monostand creeping bentgrass putting green quality and ball roll distances; however, applying ethephon with GA inhibitors could mitigate these adverse effects. Chemical names used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol} (flurprimidol); (+/-)–(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] (ethephon).

scholarly journals Trinexapac-ethyl Application Regimens Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Performance

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 2167-2169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Green Performance ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a plant growth regulator registered for periodic applications on creeping bentgrass greens but ball roll as affected by various TE regimens have not been reported. Field experiments were conducted in Clemson, S.C., from May to July 2003 and 2004 on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass putting green. Turf received a total of 0.2 kg·ha–1 a.i. of TE over 12 weeks in three application regimens: 0.017 kg·ha–1 per week, 0.033 kg·ha–1 per 2 weeks, and 0.05 kg·ha-1 per 3 weeks plus a control. Ball roll distances were measured weekly with a stimpmeter in the morning (900 to 1100 hr) and evening (>1700 hr). Morning ball roll distances were generally longer than evening. Ball roll distances increased from June to July 2003 and from May to July 2004, likely resulting from greater bentgrass summer heat stress during the test period. Turf treated with biweekly and triweekly TE regimens had enhanced ball roll on three and four dates, respectively, but inconsistencies occurred likely from reduced efficacy with greater time between repeated applications. Weekly TE applications enhanced ball roll distances from the untreated by 5% to 8% on six dates. Turf injury did not occur following TE applications regardless of regimen. Overall, weekly TE applications increased ball roll distances more frequently than biweekly and triweekly regimens, but enhancements were inconsistent over the 2 years. Chemical name used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) (chlorothalonil); [methyl(E)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate] (azoxystrobin); [aluminum tris(0-ethyl phosphonate)] (fosetyl-al); [N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl) alanine methyl ester] (metalaxyl); [(1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl) -methyl]-14-1,2,4-triazole] (propiconazole).

Reducing Populations of Annual Bluegrass and Roughstalk Bluegrass in Creeping Bentgrass Fairways: A Nutritional Approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Bell ◽  
Edward Odorizzi ◽  
T. Karl Danneberger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
And Control

Two field studies, a seeded study and a golf course study, were conducted to compare competition among creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and roughstalk bluegrass when subjected to common weed control practices and foliar applications of iron and magnesium. A research site was selected for the seeded study and divided into 10 whole plots receiving irrigation at either 50 or 100% evapotranspiration deficit. Each whole plot was further divided into subplots receiving one of seven treatments: bensulide, ethofumesate, trinexapac-ethyl, foliar Mg, foliar Fe, foliar Mg plus foliar Fe, and control. The site was seeded to a mixture of creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and roughstalk bluegrass in September 1995, and treatments began in March 1996. Annual bluegrass was reduced 29% in plots treated with foliar Fe and 65% in plots treated with foliar Fe plus foliar Mg. Roughstalk bluegrass was significantly reduced in seeded plots treated with foliar iron (50%), plant growth regulator (75%), and foliar iron plus foliar magnesium (100%). Annual bluegrass and roughstalk bluegrass proportions were not affected by irrigation regime. In a second study, the most effective treatment, foliar magnesium plus foliar iron, was tested on a working golf course fairway and on a practice putting green beginning April 1997 and ending November 1997. Treatments on the golf course fairway and practice putting green were ineffective due to the established, perennial nature of the annual bluegrass biotypes on these sites. Further research is required to improve the efficacy of nutritional treatments on these perennials.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Bacterial Etiolation of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Turf Caused by Acidovorax avenae

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Roberts ◽  
David F. Ritchie ◽  
James P. Kerns
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Multiple Field ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

Bacterial etiolation, caused by Acidovorax avenae, is a widespread problem in creeping bentgrass putting green turf. The symptoms normally appear as abnormally elongated turfgrass stems and leaves. Observations at multiple field sites suggest the involvement of plant growth regulators (i.e., GA-biosynthesis inhibitors) commonly applied to turf, alluding to a phytohormone imbalance caused by the bacterium. A 2-year field study examined the effects of trinexapac-ethyl, flurprimidol, and paclobutrazol on bacterial etiolation severity caused by A. avenae. Trinexapac-ethyl applied at 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1 every 7 days and 0.10 kg ha−1 every 14 days increased etiolation compared with all other treatments in both years. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol were not different from the control but high-rate applications caused phytotoxicity that lowered turf quality early in 2014. When the etiolated turfgrass was removed with mowing, turfgrass treated with trinexapac-ethyl exhibited the highest turfgrass quality on most rating dates. Results from this work illustrate that using plant growth regulator materials with different modes of action is a solution to managing creeping bentgrass growth while limiting the potential for bacterial etiolation outbreaks.

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Putting Green Performance Influenced by Nitrogen and Trinexapac-ethyl

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 802-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Green Ball ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Dwarf-type bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) putting greens tolerate long-term mowing heights of 3.2 mm but require heavy nitrogen (N) fertilizations that increase ball roll resistance. Applying a plant growth regulator, such as trinexapac-ethyl (TE), could reduce uneven shoot growth from high N fertility and improve putting green ball roll distances. Field experiments were conducted from April to August 2003 and 2004 in Clemson, SC to investigate effects of ammonium nitrate applied at 6, 12, 18, or 24 kg N/ha per week with TE applied at 0 or 0.05 kg a.i. per ha every 3 weeks on `TifEagle' bermudagrass ball roll distances (BRD). BRD were measured weekly with a 38-cm stimpmeter in the morning (900 to 1100 hr) and evening (>1700 hr) beginning 1 wk after initial TE treatments. Interactions were not detected among N, TE, or time of day. TE increased BRD about 15% from non-TE treated. BRD was reduced with increased N rate and from am to pm; however, bermudagrass treated with TE averaged 10% longer PM BRD than am distances of non-TE treated. Overall, increased N fertility and diurnal shoot growth may reduce BRD but TE will be an effective tool for mitigating these effects on bermudagrass putting greens. Chemical name used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl).

scholarly journals Effects of Various Plant Growth Regulators on the Traffic Tolerance of ‘Riviera’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.)

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 966-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Adam W. Thoms ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden ◽  
John C. Sorochan
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Color Quality ◽  
Athletic Field ◽  
Traffic Tolerance ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Data describing effects of plant growth regulator (PGR) applications on bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) traffic tolerance are limited. A 2-year study was conducted evaluating effects of several PGRs on ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) traffic tolerance. Treatments included 1) ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha−1; 2) trinexapac-ethyl (TE) at 0.096 kg·ha−1; 3) paclobutrazol at 0.28 kg·ha−1; 4) flurprimidol at 0.0014 kg·ha−1; 5) flurprimidol + TE at 0.0014 kg·ha−1 + 0.096 kg·ha−1, respectively; 6) ethephon + TE at 3.8 kg·ha−1 + 0.096 kg·ha−1, respectively; and 7) untreated control. All treatments were applied three times on a 21-d interval before trafficking. Plots were subjected to three simulated football games per week with the Cady Traffic Simulator. Traffic began 2 weeks after the last sequential application of each PGR. Turfgrass color, quality, and cover were quantified weekly using digital image analysis. Turfgrass cover measurements were used to assess traffic tolerance. Improvements in turfgrass color, quality, and cover were observed with applications of TE, ethephon + TE, and flurprimidol + TE. Turfgrass color, quality, and cover were enhanced for ethephon + TE and flurprimidol +TE compared with applications of ethephon and flurprimidol alone. Considering that no differences in turfgrass color, quality, or cover were detected among TE, ethephon + TE, and flurprimidol + TE at any time in the study, the responses observed suggest that TE may have a greater impact than other PGRs on ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass athletic field turf when applied before traffic stress. Chemical names used: rthephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid; glurprimidol {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol}; paclobutrazol, (+/−)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1–1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol; trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester].

scholarly journals Dwarf Bermudagrass Responses to Flurprimidol and Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1549-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Dwarf Type

Plant growth regulators are applied to inhibit uneven shoot growth of putting green turf but research is limited on responses of dwarf-type bermudagrass cultivars to growth inhibition. Experiments were conducted at the Clemson University Greenhouse Complex with `Champion' and `TifEagle' bermudagrass grown in polyvinylchloride containers with 40 cm depths and 177 cm2 areas built to United States Golf Association specification. Flurprimidol was applied at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.48 kg·ha–1 a.i. and paclobutrazol at 0.14 kg·ha–1 a.i. on separate containers. Flurprimidol at 0.28 and 0.42 kg·ha-1 caused 17% and 31% reduction in turf color 5 weeks after treatment (WAT), respectively. `Champion' exhibited unacceptable turf injury (>30%) 2 WAT from paclobutrazol and all flurprimidol rates. `TifEagle' had unacceptable turf injury from flurprimidol at 0.42 kg·ha–1 2 WAT, 0.28 kg·ha–1 3 WAT, and 0.14 kg·ha–1 4 WAT that did not recover. Moderate injury (16% to 30%) was observed from paclobutrazol on `TifEagle' but ratings were acceptable. After 6 weeks, flurprimidol at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha–1 reduced bermudagrass green shoot density (GSD) per square centimeter by 20%, 40%, and 40%, respectively, while paclobutrazol reduced GSD 12%. `TifEagle' total clipping yield was reduced 60%, 76%, and 86% from flurprimidol at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha–1, respectively, and 37% from paclobutrazol. `Champion' total clipping yield was reduced 82%, 90%, and 90% from flurprimidol at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha–1, respectively, and 58% from paclobutrazol. After 6 weeks, flurprimidol reduced `Champion' total root mass by 44% over all three rates. `Champion' treated with paclobutrazol had similar total root mass to the untreated. `TifEagle' treated with all PGRs had similar rooting to the untreated. Overall, flurprimidol will likely not be suitable for dwarf bermudagrass maintenance at these rates; however paclobutrazol may have potential at ≤0.14 kg·ha–1. Chemical names used: Flurprimidol {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol}; Paclobutrazol, (+/-)–(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol.

scholarly journals Controlling Growth of Common Carpetgrass Using Selected Plant Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Bush ◽  
Wayne C. Porter ◽  
Dennis P. Shepard ◽  
James N. McCrimmon
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Field studies were performed on established carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate plant growth regulators (PGRs) and application rates. Trinexapac-ethyl (0.48 kg·ha-1) improved turf quality and reduced cumulative vegetative growth (CVG) of unmowed and mowed plots by 38% and 46%, respectively, in 1995, and suppressed seedhead height in unmowed turf by >31% 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) both years. Mefluidide (0.14 and 0.28 kg·ha-1) had little effect on carpetgrass. Sulfometuron resulted in unacceptable phytotoxicity (>20%) 2 WAT in 1994 and 18% phytotoxicity in 1995. In 1995, sulfometuron reduced mowed carpetgrass CVG 21%, seedhead number 47%, seedhead height 36%, clipping yield 24%, and reduced the number of mowings required. It also improved unmowed carpetgrass quality at 6 WAT. Sethoxydim (0.11 kg·ha-1) suppressed seedhead formation by 60% and seedhead height by 20%, and caused moderate phytotoxicity (13%) in 1995. Sethoxydim (0.22 kg·ha-1) was unacceptably phytotoxic (38%) in 1994, but only slightly phytotoxic (7%) in 1995, reduced clipping yields (>24%), and increased quality of mowed carpetgrass both years. Fluazasulfuron (0.027 and 0.054 kg·ha-1) phytotoxicity ratings were unacceptable at 2 WAT in 1994, but not in 1995. Fluazasulfuron (0.054 kg·ha-1) reduced seedhead height by 23% to 26% in both years. Early seedhead formation was suppressed >70% when applied 2 WAT in 1994, and 43% when applied 6 WAT in 1995. The effects of the chemicals varied with mowing treatment and evaluation year. Chemical names used: 4-(cyclopropyl-x-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5 dioxo-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (trinexapac-ethyl); N-2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoro-methyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide] (mefluidide); [methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) amino]carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl]benzoate)] (sulfometuron); (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl-5-[(2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) (sethoxydim); 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2yl)-3-[(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin 2-yl) sulphonyl] urea (fluazasulfuron).

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