scholarly journals Overcoming Compaction Limitations on Cabbage Growth and Yield in the Transition to Reduced Tillage

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1690-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren J. Mochizuki ◽  
Anusuya Rangarajan ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Thomas Björkman ◽  
Harold M. van Es
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Full Width ◽  
Tillage Depth

Vegetable producers are increasingly interested in adopting conservation tillage practices to maintain or enhance productivity and soil health, but reducing tillage may reduce yields in cool climates. Strategies to transition from full-width tillage to zone tillage systems for cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Group capitata) were tested with the goals of overcoming soil temperature and compaction limitations and producing crop yield and quality equivalent to conventionally tilled. Designed to achieve differential soil temperature and compaction levels, the treatments were factorial combinations of two widths of zone tillage (15 and 30 cm) and two depths of zone tillage (10 and 30 cm) plus a conventional rototilled treatment (full width and 20-cm depth) as a control. To assess the effect of treatments in the transitional year to reduced tillage, the experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 at different fields that were previously conventionally tilled. Increasing tillage width from 15 cm to 30 cm increased soil temperature by 1 °C in both years but had a limited effect on cabbage growth and no effect on yield. Tillage width and soil temperature may have greater impact on an earlier planting. By contrast, increasing tillage depth from 10 cm to 30 cm reduced soil penetrometer resistance by up to 1 MPa, increased plant growth by 28%, and increased yield by 22%. Growth and yield in 30-cm depth treatments were similar to conventional tillage, indicating the undisturbed, between-row areas in zone tillage treatments did not restrict growth. Zone tillage did not affect cabbage maturity or quality. Tillage depth was more important to the success of this system than tillage width; vertical tillage to 30-cm depth left between 60% and 80% of the soil surface area undisturbed and can be an effective transition to conservation tillage for transplanted cabbage.

scholarly journals Influence of soil conservation techniques on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Terai region of West Bengal

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
B De ◽  
S Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Health Related

The climate of the terai region of West Bengal, India in general, is subtropical par humid to tropical with light textured acid soil with the problems like low moisture retention, low water use efficiency, leaching of bases, soil erosion, limited availability of multiple plant nutrients and restricted activity of beneficial soil micro-organisms. To combat these soil health related problems and to improve the overall productivity of North Bengal, a comparison between the conventional and conservation tillage was taken up and the immediate results were measured in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield. In the first two years of experimentation, though different growth attributes, grain yield, stover yield, and different yield attributing characters such as kernel rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1, 100 seed weight (g), number of seeds cob-1, girth of cob, length of cob and number of effective cob plant-1 were higher in conventional tillage as compared to conservation tillage but in terms of soil heath characteristics, conservation tillage had a meaningful remark from the initial years towards the future food security. Mulching @ 4 t ha-1 was found to have performed better than unmulched treatments. Application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer + Vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 resulted in better growth and yield attributes which directly influenced to have higher grain and stover yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18390 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 133-147 (2013)

Reduced tillage, cover crops and organic amendments affect soil microbiota and improve soil health in Uruguayan vegetable farming systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Cerecetto ◽  
Kornelia Smalla ◽  
Joseph Nesme ◽  
Silvia Garaycochea ◽  
Pablo Fresia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Vegetable Farming

ABSTRACT Conventional tillage and mineral fertilization (CTMF) jeopardize soil health in conventional vegetable production systems. Using a field experiment established in Uruguay in 2012, we aimed to compare the soil restoration potential of organic fertilization (compost and poultry manure) combined with conventional tillage and cover crop incorporated into the soil (CTOF) or with reduced tillage and the use of cover crop as mulch (RTOF). In 2017, table beet was cultivated under CTMF, CTOF and RTOF, and yields, soil aggregate composition and nutrients, as well as soil and table beet rhizosphere microbiota (here: bacteria and archaea) were evaluated. Microbiota was studied by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from total community DNA. RTOF exhibited higher soil aggregation, soil organic C, nutrient availability and microbial alpha-diversity than CTMF, and became more similar to an adjacent natural undisturbed site. The soil microbiota was strongly shaped by the fertilization source which was conveyed to the rhizosphere and resulted in differentially abundant taxa. However, 229 amplicon sequencing variants were found to form the core table beet rhizosphere microbiota shared among managements. In conclusion, our study shows that after only 5 years of implementation, RTOF improves soil health under intensive vegetable farming systems.

scholarly journals Impact of Tillage Systems Equipped with Row Cleaners on Some Selected Soil Physical Properties under Wheat Cropping

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Abdulla Fathi YOUNIS ◽  
Tariq Hama KARIM ◽  
Hussain Thahir TAHIR
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
No Till ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Crop Root ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
High Level

Availability of improved tillage and herbicides during the last decades has enhanced the acceptance of conservation tillage. The main constrain to this type of tillage, particularly, zero tillage is high level of crop residue, which reduces seeding quality, soil temperature, etc. Accordingly, a study was initiated by equipping row cleaners with no-till system under wheat cultivation. For this purpose, a field experiment was laid in a split-split plot design with three types of row cleaners, three sub-treatments of travelling speed, and two sub- sub treatments of tillage depth. The results indicated that the soil temperature was highly affected by percent of residue left. Measurement of penetration resistance indicated that hard pan was not a potential limiting factor for the crop root development. The soil water was increased by 8.83%, 15.33% and 12.54% under no-till without row cleaner (M1), no-till with narrow row cleaner (M2) and no-till with wide row cleaner (M3) respectively compared to that under conventional tillage (CT). The percentage of soil loss reduction under M1, M2 and M3 were 53.11%, 59.62% and 50.51% compared to that under CT. The water losses were also reduced by 46.19%, 48.65% and 46.86% under these treatments as compared with CT.

Fertility management in dryland conservation cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Steep Slopes

The Pacific Northwest dryland region is moving toward conservation tillage to control excessive erosion on steep slopes, but progress has been slow because of adverse effects on plant growth and yield. Fertility relations in cereal grains with conventional tillage are well known, with deficiencies occurring for nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, in declining order of frequency. N and S deficiencies are more severe in conservation tillage, although the pattern of crop response to nutrient application is the same as in conventional tillage. Placing nutrients in a subs urface band near the seed is more effective than broadcasting on the surface. Higher fertility is required near developing root systems to offset greater competition from grassy weeds and more intense pressure from root-pruning soil pathogens. Conservation tillage alters soil fertility and plant growth in different ways on different landscapes. These differences must be considered to ensure tha t conservation tillage will be effective over the entire field.

Weed Control and Economics Using Reduced Tillage Programs in Sugarcane

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson E. Judice ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Curtis A. Jones ◽  
Luke M. Etheredge ◽  
Michael E. Salassi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
No Till ◽  
Tillage Operation

Tillage is used in sugarcane to control weeds, eliminate ruts caused by harvest, destroy residue from the previous crop, and incorporate fertilizer. The effect of weed control and tillage programs on sugarcane growth and yield and on economics was evaluated over two growing seasons. In the first study, weeds were effectively controlled with a March application of hexazinone at 0.59 kg ai/ha plus diuron at 2.10 kg ai/ha either banded or broadcast. When tillage of row shoulders and middles in March was eliminated, soil temperature in the sugarcane drill early in the season was equal to that where March tillage was performed. Sugarcane early and late season stalk population and sugarcane and sugar yield were each equivalent for the full season tillage (tillage of row shoulders and middles in March and in May) and the no-till programs. Elimination of a single tillage operation reduced cost $16.28/ha, and herbicide applied as a band rather than broadcast reduced cost $30.49/ ha. For the no-till program, with herbicide banded in March, net return was increased $32.56/ha. In a subsequent study conducted at five locations, weed control was excellent when either pendimethalin at 2.77 kg ai/ha plus metribuzin at 1.26 kg ai/ha or hexazinone plus diuron at 0.59 kg/ha and 2.10 kg/ha was used. When the March tillage was eliminated, sugar yield was increased 8.6% (620 kg/ ha), and net return was increased $152.68/ha compared with March tillage. When the May tillage was eliminated sugar yield was increased 8% (580 kg/ha), and net return was increased $143.88/ha compared with May tillage. A reduction in tillage cost accounted for only $16.28 of the increase in net return per hectare, with the remainder due to increased yield with the elimination of the tillage operation.

Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen ◽  
Guy P. Lafond ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas ◽  
Heather A. Loeppky ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

Adverse changes in weed communities are a limiting factor for the adoption of conservation tillage practices. Predictions of an increased association of annual and perennial grasses, perennial dicot weeds, wind-disseminated species, and volunteer crops as weeds, and decreased association of annual dicot weeds in reduced-tillage systems were tested. Field experiments involving zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems were conducted in Saskatchewan from 1986 to 1990 at Ituna and Waldron, and from 1986 to 1988 at Tadmore. Weed community composition was analyzed for years 1988 to 1990 by canonical discriminant analysis. An increased association of perennial and annual grasses with zero tillage did not generally occur. Wind-dispersed species and volunteer crops were associated with reduced tillage and summer annual dicots with conventional tillage, but exceptions occurred. Species responded differently among sites or within a site over time. Within the time frame of this research, changes in weed communities were influenced more by location and year than by tillage systems, indicating fluctuational rather than directional or consistent changes in community composition.

scholarly journals Rye Mulch Management Affects Short-term Indicators of Soil Quality in the Transition to Conservation Tillage for Cabbage

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren J. Mochizuki ◽  
Anusuya Rangarajan ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Harold M. van Es ◽  
Thomas Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

If benefits of conservation tillage can be quantified even in the transition year from conventional tillage, growers will more likely integrate practices that maintain or enhance soil quality and productivity. The management of surface residue is an important component of conservation tillage, especially in cool, rainy climates where vegetable growth and yield reductions have been observed when heavy residue is present. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), grown until flowering, was killed with glyphosate and was then cut and removed (stubble treatment) or rolled or chopped to form a surface mulch (mulched treatment) before transplanting cabbage. Rolled mulch increased soil wet aggregate stability by 4% and reduced soil penetrometer resistance by up to 0.5 MPa compared with rye stubble treatments in 2003. In 2004, frequent rains saturated soils and may have accelerated the decomposition of chopped mulch, minimizing treatment effects. Rolled mulch reduced soil temperatures by up to 2 °C in 2003, but June transplanting of cabbage probably minimized the impact of soil temperature. Mulched treatments did not delay cabbage maturity or affect head quality characteristics such as color or uniformity. Although rolled mulch reduced cabbage growth by as much as 30% and yield by 21% in 2003, chopped mulch did not affect growth or yield in 2004. Yield reduction may be overcome by killing the rye relatively early in the spring or retaining only the surface stubble; these strategies may maintain or measurably improve soil quality even in the transition year to conservation tillage.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Soil-borne Phytopathogenic Fungi and their Mycotoxins by Soil Fauna

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Stefan SCHRADER ◽  
Friederike WOLFARTH ◽  
Elisabeth OLDENBURG
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Toxin Degradation

Yield loss through harmful fungi is a serious problem in crop production worldwide. Cereal residues  like  straw  are  frequently  infected  by Fusarium  fungi,  which  produce  mycotoxins  like deoxynivalenol  (DON).  Mycotoxins  lead  to  quality  losses  in  cereal-based  food  and  feed  which endangers human and animal health. Especially under conservation tillage, when mulching techniques are applied to protect soil from erosion, run-off etc., residues should be efficiently degraded to protect the currently cultivated crop from fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. The objective of this review  is  to  give  an  overview  on  which  role  decomposing  soil  fauna  plays  in  the  fate  of Fusarium fungi  and  there main  mycotoxin  DON  in  the  soil  system.  Generally,  soil  fauna  benefits  from conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage. Results from experiments in the laboratory and field  revealed  that  earthworms  as  primary  and  secondary  decomposers  as  well  as fungivorous collembolans  and  soil  nematodes  contribute  to  the  ecosystem  services  of  pathogen  depression  and toxin degradation with respect to Fusarium and DON. Fusarium seems to be an attractive food source. Furthermore, the mycotoxin DON does not cause any harm to the soil fauna tested. Key factors for the control  of Fusarium  development  by  antagonistic  soil  fauna  are:  (1)  interaction  with  soil microorganisms; (2) interaction of soil fauna species; (3) soil texture; (4) residue exposure. Ecosystem services of antagonistic soil fauna are vital to crop production and the functioning of agroecosystems. They will be discussed in a broader context of soil health and conservation tillage.

scholarly journals Changes in antideflation resistance of chernozem typical under different tillage and fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
O.V. Pikovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Structural State ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Significant Damage

The scale wind erosion is increasing in Ukraine in connection with the arid climate and intensive agricultural land use. Deflation causes significant damage not only to the soil cover, but also to the environment. Research has shown that the resistance of soils to deflation depends on their structural state. The aim of our work was to establish the influence of different tillage systems and fertilizers on agrophysical parameters of the soil. According to the method of dry sieving according to Savvinov, the content of particles larger than 1 mm and the number of agronomically valuable particles per 1% of humus according by V. V. Medvedev were determined in the soil. The research was conducted on a stationary experiment of the Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation named prof. M. K. Shikula in Separated subdivision of NULeS of Ukraine “Oleksandr Muzychenko Velykosnytinske Educational and Research Farm” of Fastiv district of Kyiv region. The soil of the experimental site is chernozem typical. It was found that in the variant with the application of straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers for reduced tillage, the content of particles larger than 1 mm was the highest and amounted to 75.1-77.5 %. Conservation tillage systems provided a deflation-resistant soil surface, as the content of particles over 1 mm was greater than 60%. Reduced tillage together with the fertilizer variant "Straw 1.2 t / ha + N12 + N78P68K68" creates the best conditions for aggregation in a layer of 0-30 cm of chernozem typical. On non-plowing tillage, more favorable aggregation conditions were on the variant "Straw 1.2 t / ha + green manure N12 + N78P68K68". On variant with plowing, the indicators of the structural state of chernozem typical deteriorated.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Evaluation of a Two-Wheel Tractor Mounted Conservation Tillage Trencher for Sugarcane

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Shams Tabriz ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Awal ◽  
Mohammad Abdul kader ◽  
Mohammad Sanowar Hossen ◽  
Md. Rostom Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
And Performance

An efficient design of conservation tillage trencher (CTT) saves time, natural resources, and conserves soil health by avoiding vigorous soil disturbance of tillage operations. A two-wheel tractor operated CTT has constructed with modified rotary shafts, toolbar frames, depth control bars, bed shapers and chisel ploughs for conservation tillage operation of sugarcane plantation. The performance evaluation of developed CTT was tested for comparing the suitability with small-scale farmer’s practice (SFP) and large farm practice (LFP). Finally, the CTT is applied for preparing sugarcane farmland in different conservation tillage methods of i) bed cum trenching (BT), ii) zero-tillage trenching (ZT) and iii) strip-tillage (ST). The performance of effective field capacities of CTT were 0.14 ha h-1, 0.12 ha h-1 and 0.14 ha h-1 for BT, ZT and ST, respectively. Developed CTT saved time 80% and 26-37% over SFP and LFP, and required 96% and 26-36% less labour than SFP and LFP, respectively. Conservation tillage required 7-10 l ha-1diesel whereas SFP and LFP required 25 l ha-1and 65 l ha-1, which reduced CO2 emission by 60-72% and 85-89% compared to SFP and LFP, respectively. Ultimately, newly developed CTT saved sugarcane land preparation costs by 86% to 90% compared to conventional tillage systems.

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