Erzurum İli Çiftçilerinin Traktör Marka Tercihini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada; tarımda mekanizasyonun özellikle de traktör sayısının her geçen gün arttığı Erzurum ilinde çiftçilerin traktör alırken marka tercihinde etkili olan faktörlerin tespit edilerek ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çiftçilerin traktör satın alımında bilinçli davranıp davranmadığının ortaya konması çalışmanın bir diğer amacıdır. Bu amaçla 2020 yılında Erzurum ilinde traktör sahibi olan 200 işletme ile anket yapılarak çiftçilerin marka seçiminde etkili olan faktörler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, Probit ve Multinominal Probit Regresyon Modelleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre çiftçiler sırasıyla en çok dayanıklılık, yakıt tüketimi, yedek parça durumu, servis hizmetleri, bayi ağı ve marka imajına önem vermektedir. Çiftçilerin %75’i traktörlerini değiştirmeleri durumunda aynı markayı tercih etmektedirler. A markasının tercih edilmesinde yedek parça ve marka imajı, B Markasının tercih edilmesinde yakıt ve servis hizmetleri, diğer marka gruplarının tercih edilmesinde ise dayanıklılık kriteri etkili olmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda çiftçilere mutlaka traktör bakım ve kullanımı konusunda eğitim verilmesinin gerekli olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Sulama Suyu pH’sının Asma Anaçlarının Biyokütle, Köklenme, Kök ve Sürgün Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, sulama suyu pH’sının asma anaçlarında kök ve sürgün gelişimi üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Kober 5 BB ve 41 B anaçlarına ait çelikler perlit içeren plastik potlara dikilerek, 6 farklı pH değerine sahip (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 ve 8.0) sulama çözeltisi ile sulanmışlardır. 90 günlük yetiştirme periyodunun sonucunda, anaçlara ait kök ve sürgün özellikleri incelenmiş ve en yüksek köklenme oranının nötr ve nötre yakın pH derecelerinde meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Her iki anaçta da yaş ve kuru kök ağırlığı değerlerinin pH: 6.0’da en yüksek seviyeye ulaştığı kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, en yüksek kuru madde oranının 41 B anacında pH: 6.0’dan (%6.15), 5 BB anacında ise pH: 6.0 ve 6.5 derecelerinden (sırasıyla, %4.46 ve %4.20) alındığı belirlenmiştir. Anaçların ortalama sürgün ağırlığı ve ortalama sürgün uzunluğu değerlerinin en yüksek pH: 6.5 derecesinden elde edildiği belirlenirken; SPAD cinsinden gerçekleştirilen klorofil ölçümleri sonucunda her iki anaçta da pH’sı 5.5-7.5 olan sulama solüsyonları arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir farklılığın bulunmadığı saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, farklı pH derecelerine sahip sulama çözeltilerinin asma anaçlarının morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikleri üzerinde önemli rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir.

Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliği ve Giderim Yöntemleri

Ağır metaller toprakta ayrışarak kirliliğe yol açmaktadır ve bu kirliliğin giderilmesi metallerin başka bileşiklere dönüşememesinden dolayı zordur. Son zamanlarda nüfusun artış hızı ve artan ihtiyaç talebi ile bunun doğrultusunda sanayileşme, yoğun tarımsal uygulamalar çevre kirliliğine yol açmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği ana materyal kaynaklı da meydana gelebilmektedir. Toprakta yer alan ağır metaller arasında kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu), kurşun (Pb), kobalt (Co), arsenik (As), civa (Hg) ve çinko (Zn) önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği tarımsal alanlarda kayıplara neden olabildiği gibi, bu alanlarda yetiştirilen ürünlerin tüketimiyle birlikte insan sağlığını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Toprakta ağır metal kirliliği fiziksel, kimyasal veya biyolojik yöntem ve/veya süreçlerle izolasyon teknikleri, kirlenmiş toprağın değiştirilmesi, elektrokinetik teknikler, yıkama, biyoremediasyon teknikleri ile kontrol altına alınabilmektedir. Bu derlemede ağır metal kirliliği ve giderim yöntemleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Multipurpose Fruit Juice Machine for Preventing Fruit Wastage in Nigeria Villages

Fruits are produced in large quantities in developing countries because of the favourable climatic conditions but the level of spoilage is high. It is essential to extract and preserve fruit juice to have a regular supply throughout the year. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a machine that could be used to extract juice from several fruits. Thus, the objective of the research work was to develop a multipurpose small scale fruit juice machine that could be adopted by an average farmer in the rural regions to increase their juice intake. A fruit juice extractor was designed, developed and tested. The machine utilised a serrated auger for crushing the fruits before squeezing out the juice. The performance evaluation showed that the machine has an extraction capacity of 88.4 kg h-1 and 84.5 kg h-1 for pineapple and sweet orange respectively. The efficiencies of the juice extractor for pineapple and sweet orange were 91.13% and 85.96% respectively. The average production cost of the machine was estimated as 390 US dollars.

Effect of Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties of Watermelon Seed Varieties

The effect of moisture content on the mechanical properties of agricultural material is essential during design and adjustment of machines used during harvest, cleaning, separation, handling and storage. This study determined some mechanical properties of Black and Brown colored of watermelon seed grown in Nigeria under different moisture contents range of 6.5 to 27.8% (d.b). The results for the mechanical properties obtained ranged from 15.68-29.54 N for compressive force; 1.95-3.40 mm for compressive extension; 0.13-0.33 N mm-2 for compressive strength; and 0.17-1.93 kJ for deformation energy at vertical loading position while at horizontal loading position, results obtained ranged from 14.71-38.36 N for compressive force; 1.94-4.20 mm for compressive extension; 0.16-0.32 N mm-2 for compressive strength; and 1.47-76.39 kJ for deformation energy for Black colored watermelon seed. The compressive force, compressive extension, compressive strength, deformation energy ranged from 14.18-36.49 N, 1.85-5.20 mm, 0.19 0.76 N mm-2, 26.23-189.75 kJ at vertical loading position and 16.47-41.82 N, 1.68-11.08 mm, 0.34- 0.57 N mm-2, 27.67-319.99 kJ at horizontal loading position for Brown colored watermelon seed. The correlation between the mechanical properties and moisture content was statistically significant at (p≤0.05) level. It is also economical to load Black colored in vertical loading position at 27.8% moisture content and Brown colored in vertical loading position at 27.8% moisture content to reduce energy demand when necessary to crack or compress the seed. This research has generated data that are efficiently enough to design and fabricate processing and storage structures for Black and Brown water melon seeds.

Mathematical Modeling of Food Processing Operations: A Basic Understanding and Overview

Modeling is the core of food processing supported by many approaches and governed by heat, mass, and momentum transfer equations. The objective of this paper is to mainly discuss and introduce mathematical modeling of some food processes. Food processing is unique from other material processing, as it includes complex multiphase transport and change in material properties during processing. It poses a great challenge in food process engineering. Now a day’s, consumers are taking more precautions before eating something. The way of food processing effectively impacts food quality. Most of the conventional industries use thermal processes like pasteurization, sterilization, and freezing. In recent years the main aim has been to improve these conventional processing technologies. Characterization of temperature distribution is done by mathematical modeling during processing, so this review paper aims to introduce mathematical modeling as a potential tool for the food processing industry. The mathematical models discussed in this article captures the essential features of a complex object or process based on a theoretical understanding of the phenomena and available measurements.

LabVIEW Based Real-time Color Measurement System

Colorimetry is of paramount importance to the agricultural industry. Colorimetry refers to the processing of agricultural products for consumer needs from a marketing point of view, and therefore the agricultural industry spends a lot of money and time classifying each product. In the past, agricultural professionals had to use program codes that are difficult to learn, and even the most basic image analysis for agricultural product classification required mastering different program libraries. Today, the LabVIEW platform offers a flexible, fast, easy-to-learn, and complete image analysis infrastructure with various useful modules. For this reason, in this study, a method analysis for color perception with a simple USB webcam and software developed for real-time color analysis on the LabVIEW platform is presented and its success in the basic color analysis is tried to be revealed. The basic application developed for this purpose in LabVIEW v2019 using NI Vision Development Module v19 and NI IMAQ v19 modules. The basic fact that is the LabVIEW application is the idea that LabVIEW can only be analyzed with expensive IEEE 1394, but it should be known that these analyzes can be done with USB webcams. For this purpose, the application includes a USB webcam driver that can be stacked seamlessly. USB Webcam and colorimeter measurement-based results of ƔR factors for each of RGB color channels are 1.161232, 0.506287, 0.432229; ƔG factors for each of RGB color channels are 0.519619, 1.025383, 1.201444; at last ƔB factors for each of RGB color channels are 0.600362, 0.714016, 1.413406, respectively.

Assessment of Spatial Variability of Heavy Metals (Pb and Al) in Alluvial Soil around Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Southern Nigeria

Soil heavy metals pollution is a major global threat, because of its impact to plants, animals, and the soil geotechnical properties. Geostatistical method was used to investigate the spatial distributions of aluminum and lead within a section of the Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria. A total area of 1 km2 (100 hectares) was covered within the school environment. Twenty -five (25) topsoil samples were collected, at the end of the dry season (March 2021); when the water table in the study area was very low. The lead and aluminum concentrations of the 25 samples were measured by using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) approved methods. Using a geostatistical tool, the lead and aluminum concentrations and distribution in the soil were plotted on predication maps. The maps revealed irregular spatial distributions of lead and aluminum ions within the study area. The lead concentration was highest at the North-central region of the study area; while lead concentration was lowest at the Eastern region of the study area. In terms of the aluminum metal, the highest aluminum concentration was observed in the North eastern region; while aluminum concentration was lowest at the South western region. Data obtained from this study will be useful for agricultural and civil engineering purposes, mainly in the area of decision-making.

Physicochemical Characterization of Selected Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars

The physical and chemical characteristics of five pomegranate cultivars (Mridula, Ganesh, White muscut, G-137 and Jalor seedless) were examined in the present investigation. Physical properties of different cultivars were determined such as major diameter (85.05 to 91.62 mm), intermediate diameter (76.85 to 87.83 mm), minor diameter (79.86 to 90.01 mm), sphericity (0.903 to 0.937), fruit weight (294.4 to 404.14 g), fruit volume (289 to 387 mL), number of arils per fruit, weight of 100 arils were evaluated and analysed for the varietal difference. In addition, properties such as peel moisture content (68.72 to 74.15% w.b.), aril moisture content (78.25 to 81.82% w.b.), peel ash content (0.81 to 1.51%), aril ash content (0.29 to 0.53%), juice pH (3.47 to 3.96), total soluble solids (11.60 to 13.00 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.42 to 0.58%), total phenolic content, juice yield per fruit (104 to 186 mL) juice turbidity (142.20 to 364.50 NTU) and textural properties, like fruit compressive strength/firmness of arils (23.09 to 34.54 N), cutting strength of peel (84.33 to 111.35 N) and aril skin puncture force (0.28 to 0.38 N) were also investigated. Overall results suggested that the measured physico-chemical properties were quite different by the cultivar differences.