scholarly journals Winter Foot and Equipment Traffic Impacts on a ‘L93’ Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 922-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Baldwin ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Hong Luo ◽  
Joe Toler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds.) is desirable as a putting green turfgrass in the transition zone as a result of year-round green color, ball roll, and playability. However, management challenges exist for bentgrass greens, including winter temperature fluctuations. Frosts often cause cancellations or delays of tee time resulting in lost revenue. In response to this winter golf course management issue, a research project was initiated at Clemson University from 1 Dec. 2005 and 2006 to 1 Aug. 2006 and 2007 on a ‘L93’ creeping bentgrass putting green to determine the impacts of foot traffic or mower traffic and time of traffic application on bentgrass winter performance. Treatments consisted of no traffic (control), foot traffic, and walk-behind mower traffic (rolling) at 0700 and 0900 hr when canopy temperatures were at or below 0 °C. Foot traffic included ≈75 steps within each plot using size 10 SP-4 Saddle Nike golf shoes (soft-spiked sole) administered by a researcher weighing ≈75 kg. A Toro Greensmaster 800 walk-behind greens mower weighing 92 kg with a 45.7-cm roller was used for rolling traffic. Data collected included canopy and soil temperatures (7.6 cm depth), visual turfgrass quality (TQ), clipping yield (g·m−2), shoot chlorophyll concentration (mg·g−1), root total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) (mg·g−1), soil bulk density (g·cm−3), and water infiltration rates (cm·h−1). Time and type of traffic significantly influenced bentgrass winter performance. On all TQ rating dates, 0700 hr rolling traffic decreased TQ by ≈1.1 units compared with foot traffic at 0700 hr. In December, regardless of traffic application time, rolling traffic reduced bentgrass shoot growth ≈17%. However, in February, chlorophyll, soil bulk density, and water infiltration differences were not detected. By the end of March, all treatments had acceptable TQ. Root TNC was unaffected in May, whereas shoot chlorophyll concentrations were unaffected in May and August. This study indicates bentgrass damage resulting from winter traffic is limited to winter and early spring months and full recovery should be expected by summer.

scholarly journals ‘L-93’ Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Responses to Various Winter Light Intensities in the Southern Transition Zone

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1751-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Baldwin ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Hong Luo ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Seasonal variations in temperature and solar radiation in the warm climatic region of the transition zone increase difficulty of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.)] management throughout the year. The impact of winter shade on bentgrass quality and subsequent residual effects of winter shade in spring and summer months has not been investigated. Therefore, a 2-year field study investigated trinexapac-ethyl (TE) [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] as a winter management strategy to alleviate winter shade stress and determined the winter shade tolerance of ‘L-93’ creeping bentgrass under various reduced light environments. Treatments included a full-sunlight control; 58% and 96% morning, afternoon, and full-day shade artificial; and TE (0.02 kg a.i./ha) applied every 2 weeks from December to July. Data collection included daily light measurements (photosynthetic photon flux density), monthly canopy and soil temperatures, visual turfgrass quality (TQ), chlorophyll concentration, clipping yield, total root biomass, and total root nonstructural carbohydrates. Under 96% shade, canopy temperatures were reduced ≈57% from December to February, whereas soil temperatures were reduced 39% in February compared with full sunlight. Afternoon shade (58%) maintained acceptable TQ throughout winter for both years. Applying TE every 2 weeks in the winter negatively impacted bentgrass quality; however, TE enhanced spring and summer quality. Morning or afternoon shade minimally impacted parameters measured. Overall, moderate winter shade may not limit ‘L-93’ creeping bentgrass performance as a putting green in the transition zone. Results suggest winter shade does not contribute to creeping bentgrass summer decline because all shade-treated plots fully recovered from shade damage in spring months.

Influence of soil bulk density on horizontal water infiltration

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
AK Sharda
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Water Diffusivity ◽  
Relative Water

Studies were conducted on soil columns of a silty clay loam packed at bulk densities of 1200, 1300 and 1400 kg/m3 to evaluate the influence of soil bulk density on water infiltration in the horizontal direction. Soil water diffusivity values were obtained by reversing the iterative procedure of Philip. A reduction to less than 25% in soil water diffusivity occurred near saturation with the increase in soil bulk density, but the influence of soil bulk density decreased with the decrease in relative water content. Lengths of infiltration, cumulative influx and infiltration rates also reduced markedly with the increase in soil bulk density from 1200 kg/m to 1400 kg/m3.

Effect of combined soil water and external load on soil compaction

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hamza ◽  
S. S. Al-Adawi ◽  
K. A. Al-Hinai
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
External Load ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Water Infiltration

Reducing soil compaction is now an important issue in agriculture due to intensive use of farm machinery in different farm operations. This experiment was designed to study the influence of combinations of external load and soil water on soil compaction. Four soil water levels were combined with four external loads as follows: soil water—air-dry, 50% of field capacity, field capacity, and saturation; external load using different-sized tractors—no load (0 kg), small tractor (2638 kg), medium tractor (3912 kg), and large tractor (6964 kg). Soil bulk density, soil strength, and soil water infiltration rate were measured at 0–100, 100–200, and 200–300 mm soil depths. The 16 treatments were set up in a randomised block design with three replications. Combined increases in soil water and external load increased soil compaction, as indicated by increasing soil bulk density and soil strength and decreasing soil water infiltration rate. There was no significant interaction between soil water and external load for bulk density at all soil depths, but the interaction was significant for soil strength and infiltration rates at all soil depths. The ratio between the weight of the external load and the surface area of contact between the external load and the ground was important in determining the degree of surface soil compaction. Least compaction was produced by the medium tractor because it had the highest tyre/ground surface area contact. In general, the effects of soil water and external load on increasing soil bulk density and soil strength were greater in the topsoil than the subsoil.

scholarly journals Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Soil Physical Properties

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Herbicide Management ◽  
Nursery Field

Abstract Effects of five nursery field management systems on the physical properties of a Waukegan silt loam soil were investigated: cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop—‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ‘Norcen’), winter cereal cover crop/mulch—‘Wheeler’ winter rye (Secale cereale ‘Wheeler’), and mixed grass sod—80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ‘Eton’) and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue (Festuca rubra ‘Ruby’). Six tree species were included in the study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ and Picea glauca var. densata. Field management treatment effects on soil water infiltration capacity, aggregation, bulk density, and temperature were quantified. Significant treatment differences were observed for all soil characteristics investigated. Bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) generally reduced water infiltration, soil aggregation, and winter soil temperatures and increased bulk density and summer soil temperatures compared to cover crop treatments. After seven years, water infiltration was increased 2 to 4 times for the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, 3 to 6 times for the rye cover crop/mulch, and 4 to 9 times for the grass companion crop compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments. Under herbicide management, bulk density of surface soil was increased by 19.7% compared to cultivation. Bulk densities of compacted soil layers just below the depth of cultivation were reduced by 6.6% when maintained with rye and grass cover/companion crops for seven years. Soil aggregation was dramatically reduced by herbicide management and increased for soil maintained under grass sod; only 17.1% of soil aggregates measured 2.0 mm while 72.7% measured 0.5 mm for herbicide managed plots compared to 77.0% and 15.5% for soil maintained with a grass companion crop, respectively. Herbicide management was most often associated with negative effects on soil characteristics important to longterm productivity while grass sod and the rye cover crop/mulch system were most beneficial. The effects of cultivation and the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop on soil physical characteristics were intermediate. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment was difficult to manage and tree growth was reduced sufficiently for the trefoil and grass sod treatments to disqualify them as possible alternatives to cultivation or herbicide management. Implications of soil physical characteristics, as influenced by field management practice, regarding plant performance and soil management are discussed.

scholarly journals Mowing Height Effects on Summer Turf Growth and Physiological Activities for Two Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhong Liu ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Photosynthetic Activities

Low mowing increases ball roll distance on putting greens, but may affect growth and physiological responses to summer heat stress. The objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of mowing heights on turf summer performance was associated with changes in photosynthetic activities and respiration rate for two creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (L.) Huds] cultivars, `Crenshaw' and `Penncross'. Both cultivars were grown under USGA-specification putting green conditions from 1997 to 1998. Grasses were mowed daily at a 3-mm (low mowing) or 4-mm (high mowing) height. Turf quality, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), and leaf photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) declined, whereas respiration rate of whole plants, canopy minus air temperature, and soil temperatures increased under low mowing compared to those at the high mowing height. The decline or increase in those parameters under low mowing was more pronounced in summer than in spring or fall months. The results showed that turf quality was better at the 4-mm mowing height, especially during summer months. Better quality at the higher mowing height could be related to the maintenance of higher photosynthetic activities and lower respiration rate. Mowing at the lower height had more adverse effects on turf growth and photosynthetic capacity for `Penncross' than `Crenshaw', particularly during summer months.

Research on Soil Infiltration Law of Different Landues Types in Jinsha River Dry-Hot Valley

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3867-3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Qin Liu ◽  
Nan Jun Lang ◽  
Ke Qin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
The Waste Land ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
Soil Water Infiltration

This article takes four different slope lands as the experimental points in Jinsha River dry-hot volley. The double-rings method is adopted to illustrate the soil moisture infiltration characteristics in four different landuse types. The results show that different landues types have obvious differences in soil infiltration capability among four different patterns of landuse. Arbor forest behaved the best infiltration capability and wasteland the worst; the average infiltration and the steadily infiltration attains 1.67mm/min and 0.5mm/min respectively during the first 120min of soil water infiltration process in arbor forest; the rate of whatever the average infiltration or the steadily infiltration express the same regulation: the arbor forest is a little higher than the shrub land, the grassland, than the waste land; the moisture infiltration rate in different landuse types can all be thoroughly defined through the Horton equation; Water infiltration is affected by the soil bulk density. With the bulk density increasing, the steady infiltration rate decreases. And the two are at an exponential function.

THE INFLUENCE OF WEAR AND NITROGEN ON CREEPING BENTGRASS GROWTH

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. KOHLMEIER ◽  
J. L. EGGENS
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Putting Green

The effects of nitrogen and wear stress on the growth of Penncross creeping bent-grass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) maintained as a putting green was evaluated from June 1978 to November 1979. The 8-yr-old sward was grown on a Fox sandy loam, mowed five times weekly and irrigated as required. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate at 1.5, 3.0 and 6 kg N∙100 m−2. Wear treatments, applied for specific periods of time, were zero, three and six passes per day. Turf injury was due to direct wear stress rather than soil compaction as the soil bulk density was unaltered by wear treatment. As wear treatments increased, thatch thickness, clipping yields and healing potential decreased. Electrical resistance measurements of leaf tissue decreased as wear stress increased. This technique provided a rapid and reliable estimate of leaf injury from wear stress. Nitrogen at 3 kg∙100 m−2 increased healing potential, turf greenness and root production over the zero N treatment. However, 6 kg N∙100∙m−2 was excessive. Despite the significant increase in green color, there was no significant increase in healing potential and root growth over the 3-kg rate and the annual bluegrass content of the turf was increased.Key words: Annual bluegrass, thatch, healing potential

scholarly journals Estimation of Viable Root-length Density of Heat-tolerant `Crenshaw' and `L93' Creeping Bentgrass by an Accumulative Degree-day Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim J. Schlossberg ◽  
Keith J. Karnok ◽  
Gil Landry
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Intensively Managed

Subjection of intensively managed creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.). Farw., (syn. Agrostis palustris Huds.)] to supraoptimal soil temperatures is deleterious to root viability and longevity. The ability to estimate viable root length would enable creeping bentgrass managers to more accurately schedule certain management practices. The purpose of this rhizotron study was to develop a model, based on an accumulated degree-day (ADD) method, capable of estimating viable root length density of established `Crenshaw' and `L93' creeping bentgrass maintained under putting green conditions. Viable root length density observations were made biweekly and soil temperature data collected April through September 1997, and January through August 1998 and 1999. Relative viable root length density (RVRLD) is defined as the measured viable root length density divided by the maximum density attained that spring. In both years, maximum annual viable root length density for all plots was reached, on average, by 138 days from the beginning of the year (18 May). Cultivar and year effects were nonsignificant (P = 0.67 and 0.20, respectively). Degree-day heat units were calculated using an array of base temperatures by integral and arithmetical methods. Although the two accumulative methods proved suitable, the model regressing arithmetical degree-day accumulations against the bentgrass RVRLD provided a better fit to the data set. Use of the 10 °C base temperature in the arithmetical ADD calculations provided the following model; RVRLD = 0.98 - [1.30 × 10-4 (ADD)], accounting for 83.8% of the experimental variability (P < 0.0001). As several abiotic/edaphic factors have been shown to significantly influence root growth and viability, development of a widely usable model would include additional factors.

Soil physical property changes at the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity study sites: 1 and 5 years after compaction

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah S Page-Dumroese ◽  
Martin F Jurgensen ◽  
Allan E Tiarks ◽  
Felix Ponder, Jr. ◽  
Felipe G Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
North American ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Soil Monitoring ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

The impact of forest management operations on soil physical properties is important to understand, since management can significantly change site productivity by altering root growth potential, water infiltration and soil erosion, and water and nutrient availability. We studied soil bulk density and strength changes as indicators of soil compaction before harvesting and 1 and 5 years after harvest and site treatment on 12 of the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity sites. Severe soil compaction treatments approached root-limiting bulk densities for each soil texture, while moderate compaction levels were between severe and preharvest values. Immediately after harvesting, soil bulk density on the severely compacted plots ranged from 1% less than to 58% higher than preharvest levels across all sites. Soil compaction increases were noticeable to a depth of 30 cm. After 5 years, bulk density recovery on coarse-textured soils was evident in the surface (0–10 cm) soil, but recovery was less in the subsoil (10–30 cm depth); fine-textured soils exhibited little recovery. When measured as a percentage, initial bulk density increases were greater on fine-textured soils than on coarser-textured soils and were mainly due to higher initial bulk density values in coarse-textured soils. Development of soil monitoring methods applicable to all soil types may not be appropriate, and more site-specific techniques may be needed for soil monitoring after disturbance.

scholarly journals (317) Effects of Different Organic Mulch on Soil Physical Characteristics and Leaf Nutrition in Apple Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027D-1027
Author(s):  
Hyun-Sug Choi ◽  
Curt Rom ◽  
Jason McAfee
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Leaf Nutrition

Mulch may affect soil chemistry, soil microclimate, biological communities, and tree performance. The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different orchard mulches on leaf nutrition, soil moisture, bulk density, root density, and water infiltration for understanding potential use in organic orchards for weed control and as a nutrient resource. Black plastic, hardwood chips, and shredded white paper were applied to three apple cultivars, `Gala', `Jonagold', and `Braeburn' on M.9 rootstocks. A control was sprayed with contact herbicide. Trees grown in hardwood mulch had the highest foliar P and K in year 3. Trees in other mulches showed no difference of leaf nutrition in year 5. All treatments had consistently higher soil moisture than control in year 1, 2, and 4. Mulch did not affect soil bulk density in year 2. The root density was lowest under black plastic mulch in year 2, but was similar in all treatments in year 3. In year 2, water infiltration was fastest in hardwood mulch and control treatments.

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