scholarly journals Influence of Spray Application Technique on Spray Deposition in Greenhouse Ivy Pot Plants Grown on Hanging Shelves

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1921-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Braekman ◽  
Dieter Foqué ◽  
Marie-Christine Van Labeke ◽  
Jan G. Pieters ◽  
David Nuyttens
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Spray Gun ◽  
Pot Plants

As a result of the decreasing availability of authorized plant protection products, adequate pest control becomes more difficult in many ornamental crops and almost no information is available about the optimization of spray application techniques in ornamental crops. Yet, spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. Application rate, nozzle type, and configuration will influence the spray deposition and, as such, its efficiency. In this study, spray deposition in ivy pot plants [Hedera algeriensis cv. Montgomery, Hibb.], grown on hanging shelves in greenhouses, was compared with a traditional spray gun with a disc-core nozzle and a manually pulled trolley equipped with two vertical spray booms. The sprayings with the spray gun were performed at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the vertical spray boom system, two different reduced application rates (2500 and 5000 L·ha−1) with five different combinations of nozzle type, size, and pressure for each application rate were investigated. This research underlined that, besides the application rate, also the spray application equipment used has an important effect on the spray depositions. Nozzle type, size, and pressure on the vertical spray boom system only had a minor effect on the spray deposition. Although the spray gun performed well on the easily accessible crop zone with the runners, its performance in the more dense main crop zone was inferior. With 240% more sprayed liquid (8500 L·ha−1) and chemicals, the realized depositions in this crop zone were not significantly different from the ones obtained with the vertical spray boom system applying only 2500 L·ha−1. Spraying at 5000 L·ha−1, the vertical spray boom system achieved a 82.9% higher overall spray deposition in the main crop canopy zone compared with the spray gun at an application rate of 8500 L·ha−1. For the sprays applied with the vertical spray boom system, doubling the application rate resulted in equally higher spray depositions, except for the inner canopy deposition for which higher application rates were more effective.

scholarly journals Influence of Spray Volume on Spray Deposition and Coverage within Nursery Trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhu ◽  
R.H. Zondag ◽  
R.C. Derksen ◽  
M. Reding ◽  
C.R. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Volume Method

Abstract Information on better utilizing airblast sprayers to achieve high pesticide spray application efficiency in nursery tree production is needed. Foliar spray deposition and coverage at different heights inside crabapple tree canopies were investigated for a conventional airblast sprayer operating at four different application rates ranging from 230 to 900 liters/ha [24 to 94 gallons per acre (GPA)]. Deposition on the ground at various distances from the sprayer was also measured at the 700 liters/ha (73 GPA) application rate. Foliar deposition and coverage on targets below 2.6 m (8.5 ft) inside tree canopies increased as the application rate increased, but the increase in the coverage was much lower than the deposition. For trees taller than 2.6 m (8.5 ft), the sprayer could not deliver uniform spray deposition and coverage across the tree height. The portion of trees below 2.1 m (6.9 ft) was well covered by the spray deposits with 230 liters/ha (24 GPA) application rate while higher application rates resulted in over spray application. Less than 30% of total spray volume was deposited on target trees while over 34% of the total spray volume was lost on the ground. The tree-row volume method should include foliage density and tree-row gaps to avoid excessive estimation of spray application rates for nursery tree crops.

scholarly journals Optimal Spray Application Rates for Ornamental Nursery Liner Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhu ◽  
James Altland ◽  
Richard C. Derksen ◽  
Charles R. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Fluorescent Tracer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Droplet Density ◽  
Spray Applications

Spray deposition and coverage at different application rates for nursery liners of different sizes were investigated to determine the optimal spray application rates. Experiments were conducted on 2- and 3-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple (Acer rubrum) liners. A traditional hydraulic sprayer with vertical booms between tree rows was used to apply the spray applications. Application rates were 10, 20, 30, and 40 gal/acre for the 2-year-old liners and were 20, 40, 60, and 80 gal/acre for the 3-year-old liners. Nylon screens were used to collect spray deposition of a fluorescent tracer dissolved in water, and water-sensitive papers were used to quantify spray coverage inside canopies. Spray deposition, coverage, and droplet density inside both 2- and 3-year-old liner canopies increased as the application rate increased. The minimum rates to spray 6.6-ft-tall, 2-year-old ‘Autumn Spire’ red maple liners and 8.7-ft-tall, 3-year-old liners were 20 and 40 gal/acre, respectively. An exponential equation was derived from these results to estimate the spray application rate required for different tree liner heights and to minimize excessive chemical use in rapidly growing tree liners.

scholarly journals ELEVATED MICROSPRINKLER BENEFITS CITRUS TREES IN A SEVERE ADVECTIVE FREEZE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1137a-1137
Author(s):  
Larry R. Parsons ◽  
T. Adair Wheaton
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Freeze Protection ◽  
Overhead Sprinkler ◽  
Citrus Trees

Undertree microsprinkler irrigation has protected 1 or 2 year old trees to a height of 1 meter during severe advective freezes. During the severe December 1989 freeze, microsprinklers elevated to 0.9 meter protected 5 year old citrus trees to a height of 2 meters. Limb breakage due to ice loading was negligible. Protection was achieved with water application rates less than half that required by some overhead sprinkler models. Survival is attributed to 1) continuous spray from the microsprinkler rather than periodic spray from a rotating overhead sprinkler, and 2) effective localized application rate on branches intercepting spray is more than average overall spray application rate. Elevated microsprinklers provide freeze protection to a greater height and allow for more rapid post-freeze recovery.

Assessment of the influence of working pressure and application rate on pesticide spray application with a hand-held spray gun on greenhouse pepper crops

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor J. Rincón ◽  
Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla ◽  
Francisco Páez ◽  
José Pérez-Alonso ◽  
Ángel J. Callejón
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Spray Gun

scholarly journals 127 Growth of Impatiens `Accent Orange' in Substrates Containing Compost with Four Slow-release Fertilizer Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 463D-463
Author(s):  
Kimberly Klock-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Pot Plants

The objective of this experiment was to compare the growth of impatiens `Accent Orange' in substrates containing compost made from biosolids and yard trimmings with four slow-release fertilizer application rates. Plugs of impatiens were transplanted into 400-ml pots filled with 100% compost as a stand-alone substrate or with 60%, 30%, or 0% compost combined with control substrate components. Six days after transplanting, all plants were top-dressed with 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g of Nutricote 13N-5.7P-10.8K (type 180) per pot. Shoot dry mass increased as the percentage of compost in the substrate increased from 0% to 100%. Shoot dry mass also increased as the fertilizer application rate increased from 0.5 to 4 g per pot. Plants grown in 30% and 60% compost with 0.5 g of fertilizer were similar in size to plants grown in 0% compost with 4 g of fertilizer per pot. Plants grown in 100% compost at all of the fertilizer rates were larger than all other plants in this study.

scholarly journals TECNOLOGIA DE APLICAÇÃO DE INSETICIDAS NO CONTROLE DA LAGARTA-DO-CARTUCHO NA CULTURA DO MILHO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL MARCÃO TAVARES ◽  
JOÃO EDUARDO RIBEIRO DA SILVA ◽  
GUILHERME SOUSA ALVES ◽  
THALES CASSEMIRO ALVES ◽  
SÉRGIO MACEDO SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy

RESUMO – A lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) é uma praga-chave na cultura do milho, e aplicações de inseticidas têm sido necessárias para reduzir a população do inseto. O controle desta praga tem sido difícil porque a lagarta encontra-se comumente protegida no interior do cartucho, o que pode reduzir a deposição e eficácia do inseticida. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de taxas de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e inseticidas no controle de S. frugiperda no milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram duas taxas de aplicação (100 e 200 L ha-1), duas pontas de pulverização (jato plano com e sem com indução de ar) e dois inseticidas (triflumuron e fenpropatrina). Também se utilizou um tratamento controle correspondente à aplicação de clorpirifós utilizando a ponta jato plano simples na taxa de 200 L ha-1. As características avaliadas foram espectro de gotas, deposição de calda, eficácia biológica e produtividade da cultura. A taxa de aplicação de 100 L ha-1 produziu maior deposição de calda do que a 200 L ha-1 para ambas as pontas de pulverização e não reduziu a eficácia dos inseticidas. Ambos os inseticidas tiveram eficácias semelhantes no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho aos 10 dias após a aplicação (DAA), embora a eficácia do inseticida fenpropatrina tenha sido maior do que a do triflumuron aos 3 DAA.Palavras-chave: lagarta-do-cartucho, Zea mays, ponta de pulverização, taxa de aplicação, manejo de pragas.INSECTICIDE APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY ON FALL ARMYWORM CONTROL IN CORNABSTRACT - The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a key pest in corn, and insecticide applications have been needed to reduce the insect population. The fall armyworm has been difficult to control because its larvae is commonly protected in the whorl of corn, which may reduce insecticide deposition and its efficacy. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of application rate, nozzle type and insecticide on control of S. frugiperda in corn. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme with four replications. The factors were two application rates (100 e 200 L ha-1), two hydraulic nozzles (standard and air induction flat-fan) and two insecticides (triflumuron and fenpropathrin). An additional treatment was also included, composed of chlorpyrifos sprayed at 200 L ha-1 using a standard flat-fan nozzle. Parameters of interest were droplet spectrum, spray deposition, biological efficacy and crop yield. A 100 L ha-1 application rate produced greater spray deposition than at 200 L ha-1 for both nozzle types and did not reduce the insecticide efficacy. At 10 days after application (DAA) both insecticides provided similar efficacy on fall armyworm control, although it was greater using fenpropathrin than triflumuron at 3 DAA.Keywords: fall armyworm, Zea mays, spray nozzle, spray volume, pest management.

scholarly journals Comparing Spray Gun and Spray Boom Applications in Two Ivy Crops with Different Crop Densities

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Foqué ◽  
Jan G. Pieters ◽  
David Nuyttens
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Spray Gun

Flemish greenhouse growers predominantly use handheld spray guns and lances for their crop protection purposes despite the heavy workload and high risk for operator exposure associated with these techniques. These spray application techniques have also shown to be less effective than spray boom equipment under many conditions. Handheld spraying techniques are less expensive, however, and they are more flexible in practical use. Many growers also erroneously believe that high spray volumes and pressures are needed to assure good plant protection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the spray deposition, penetration, and uniformity between a manually pulled horizontal spray boom as compared with a spray gun under controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, we evaluated six spray application techniques, i.e., three spray boom and three spray gun techniques. In general, the deposition results were comparable between the spray boom and the spray gun applications. The spray boom applications, however, resulted in a more uniform spray distribution. At the plant level, the spray distribution was not uniform for any of the techniques used; the highest deposits were observed on the upper (or adaxial) side of the top leaves. Using spray guns at a higher spray pressure did not improve spray penetration in the canopy or deposition on the bottom (or abaxial) side of the leaves. Of the different nozzle types tested on the spray boom, the extended range flat fan XR 8003 gave the best results. Crop density clearly affected crop penetration and deposition on the bottom side of the leaves.

scholarly journals Brassica Green Manure Amendments for Management of Rhizoctonia solani in Two Annual Ornamental Crops in the Field

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Cochran ◽  
Craig S. Rothrock
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Brassica Crop ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Manure Amendments

Brassica green manure soil amendments are a possible alternative to chemical management of soilborne diseases of ornamental landscape and bedding plants. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of crop selection and application rate of brassica green manures for disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani on impatiens and petunia. Microplot experiments were conducted over 2 years using brassica green manure soil amendments for R. solani management of both petunias and impatiens. Brassica crops used were Brassica juncea ‘Fumus’ and ‘Bionute’, and Brassica napus ‘Jetton’, at the application rates of 700, 1400, and 4200 g·m−2 fresh weight aboveground biomass. Microplots were artificially infested to evaluate disease on these ornamentals, with a second set of experiments using noninfested plots to examine effects of the green manure alone on plant growth. All brassica green manure crops reduced disease symptoms in both impatiens and petunias. Rate of brassica application was more important than brassica crop variety for use as a green manure. The highest rate of the brassica green manure decreased crown lesions by 21% and 24%, root discoloration by 9% and 7%, and R. solani isolation by 15% and 8% for impatiens and petunias, respectively, for 4200 g·m−2 compared with 700 g·m−2 rates of application. No phytotoxic effects were observed from the brassica green manures following a waiting period of 4 weeks between amending the soil and planting the ornamental crops.

scholarly journals Influence of Spray Technology and Application Rate on Leaf Deposit and Ground Losses in Mountain Viticulture

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Costas Michael ◽  
Emilio Gil ◽  
Montserrat Gallart ◽  
Menelaos C. Stavrinides
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Knapsack Sprayer ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Application Volume ◽  
Spray Gun

Leaf deposit and ground losses generated from spray application in mountain viticulture were evaluated. Four treatments were examined: A spray gun (1000 L ha−1, High-Volume Sprayer—HVS), a motorized knapsack sprayer (200 L ha−1, Low Volume Sprayer—LVS), and a conventional orchard mist blower calibrated at 500 L ha−1 (OS500) or 250 L ha−1 (OS250). The four treatments were assessed using the same tank concentration of tracer in two training systems: a trellis and a goblet. Sprayer treatment, vine side, and vine height significantly affected leaf deposit (p < 0.05). The absolute amount of leaf deposit increased with application volume, but when the amount of deposit was standardized to 1 kg ha−1, LVS resulted in the highest deposit, followed by HVS, OS250, and OS500. Deposition for the goblet system was ca. half that for the trellised vineyard. Ground losses standardized to 1 kg of tracer ha−1 were twice as high for HVS than for LVS, and four times as high for HVS than for OS250 and OS500, in both training systems. The current work suggests that low volume applications in vineyards are a viable and more environmentally friendly alternative than high volume treatments.

scholarly journals Control of Dalbulus maidis in maize crop with electrostatic spraying

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Santos Marques ◽  
João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da Cunha ◽  
Guilherme Sousa Alves ◽  
Thales Cassemiro Alves ◽  
Sérgio Macedo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Electrostatic Spraying ◽  
Brilliant Blue Fcf ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Application Rates

Among the pests that attack the maize, the maize leafhopper, which causes direct damages by sap-sucking and indirect ones, stands out as being a vector of pathogens and viruses, and can cause losses of up to 100% of the production. An alternative to improve the chemical control of this pest is the use of electrostatic spraying technology. However, there is no research support. This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of spray in the maize crop and the effectiveness in the chemical control of the maize leafhopper, using the electrostatic spraying system, at different application rates, compared to the conventional spraying system. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments, in a 2x2 + 2 factorial scheme: presence or absence of electrostatic spraying system, two application rates (35 and 50 L ha-1), an additional treatment using a hydraulic spray nozzle and a rate of 100 L ha-1, and other additional treatment without the application of insecticide, in order to support the study of pest infestation. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates, in which the spray deposition in the maize canopy and the efficiency in the control were evaluated. For the insecticide applications, a boom sprayer with induction electrostatic spraying system was used with indirect electrification. To evaluate the deposition, the Brilliant Blue FCF marker was added to the spray to be detected by absorbance in spectrophotometry. For the biological efficacy of the maize leafhopper, the insecticide composed of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin was used compared with the control without the application. There was a significant increase in the spray deposition, both in the upper and lower maize leaves, with the use of electrostatic spray technology compared to the conventional spray system. The control of the maize leafhopper was also superior. The electrostatic spraying also made it possible to reduce the application rate by approximately three times in relation to that used in conventional hydraulic spraying.

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