scholarly journals Passive Control of Downslope Capillary Wicking of Water in Sand-based Root Zones

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. McInnes ◽  
James C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Passive Control ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Golf Putting ◽  
Porous Plastic ◽  
Capillary Wicking ◽  
Bottom Portion

Chronic dry spots that occur on the upper reaches of slopes on golf putting greens lead to increased frequency of irrigation to maintain a healthy turfgrass surface. To limit one cause of dry spots, the downslope wicking of water, we investigated the use of subsurface barriers to interrupt the capillary connectivity of the bottom portion of the root zone on a 3.5-m long, laboratory-simulated section of a green having a 5% slope. We evaluated the effectiveness of the barriers on a green constructed with a sand root zone over gravel drainage and on a green constructed with a sand root zone over a geotextile atop a porous plastic grid for drainage. With sand over gravel, the barriers were effective at reducing downslope wicking and the consequential loss of stored water in the root zone on the slope. In the top 0.5 m of the slope, there was 24 mm more water stored in the root zone profile of the green constructed with barriers compared with that in the green constructed without barriers. With sand over geotextile atop a plastic grid, the barriers were effective at reducing wicking of water, but only when the downslope continuity of the geotextile was broken. In that case, there was 35 mm more water stored in the root zone profile at the top of the slope in the green constructed with barriers and a discontinuous geotextile compared with the greens constructed with barriers and continuous geotextile or with sand over gravel and no barriers.

scholarly journals Water Flow Through Sand-based Root Zones Atop Geotextiles

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1547
Author(s):  
Keisha Rose-Harvey ◽  
Kevin J. McInnes ◽  
James C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Drainage Layer ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Golf Putting ◽  
Drainage Rate ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Size Of Particles

An alternative to the time-tested gravel drainage layer beneath a sand-based root zone of a sports field or golf putting green can be constructed from a geotextile atop a highly porous drainage material or structure. The geotextile serves to support the root zone mixture on the drainage layer whose pores can be too large for the sand to support itself by bridging. In such an application, the geotextile should have high enough strength and resistance to stretching to support the root zone mixture atop the pores of the drainage layer and should contain internal pores of appropriate size to retain the bulk of particles in the root zone mixture and to allow free passage of drainage water and eluviating fine particles. The objective of this study was to determine whether geotextiles selected to meet these criteria affect the drainage rates of sand-based root zones and whether they affect the size of particles lost from the root zone–geotextile systems. In a 1-year laboratory study that made use of 150-mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) test cells, measurements of drainage rates and saturated hydraulic conductivities were made on replicated combinations of 10 geotextiles and three 300-mm deep root zone mixtures. Size distributions and total masses of particles that passed from the root zones through the geotextiles were measured. Statistical analyses showed that drainage rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and size distribution and mass of eluviated particles were unaffected by the properties of the geotextiles. The results gave of no reason to prohibit the use of geotextiles to support sand-based root zones in golf putting greens or sports fields.

Use of artificial wetland for the treatment of surface and wastewater

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 309-313
Author(s):  
Jan Šálek ◽  
František Marcián ◽  
Iman Elazizy
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Artificial Wetland ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Inlet Zone

Vegetative root zone methods are based on self-purifying processes that take place in the soil, wetland and vegetation containing water media. Our studies are concentrated on the course of puryfying in relation with the length of the filtration bed and on the progress of eliminating the ammoniacal pollution. The research proved that the essential part of the puryfying process takes place within the inlet zone (Figs 1 and 2). The decomposition of ammonia proceeds very slowly. The process of nitrification is affected by the lack of oxygen in the filtration media. To improve the effectiveness of vegetative root zone methods we suggest specific steps: an adjustment of the inlet zone, a system of cascades, a water level pulsation system and combinations of different types and arrangements of vegetative root zones.

scholarly journals Role of different planting techniques in improving the water logging tolerance and productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
M Aslam ◽  
HM Nasrullah ◽  
M Akhtar ◽  
B Ali ◽  
M Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Sesame is a well known oil seed crop in arid and semiarid region of Pakistan and its productivity is affected due to sensitiveness to water logging in the root zones. The experiment was conducted at research area of Agronomic Research Station, Bahawalpur during the year 2010 and 2011. The crop was sown by three different planting techniques i.e. flat sowing with 45cm apart rows, ridge sowing with 45cm apart, bed sowing with 60/30 cm i.e. 60 cm wide beds with 30 cm furrow between the beds. The data revealed that maximum number of plants wilted in flat planting as compared to other methods of planting were taken in this experiment. It was also recorded that bed planting at 90cm apart beds gave maximum grain yield of 843 kg ha-1 followed by ridge planting (seed spreading by broadcast and with augmented furrows) with a grain yield of 811 kg ha-1. The lowest yield was obtained from conventional method of sowing which gave 349 kg ha-1 grain yield. Water logging stress in the root zone can successfully be avoided by planting sesame on beds or ridges under climatic conditions of Bahawalpur.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(3), 193-198, 2015

scholarly journals Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-Degrading Bacteria Associated with Trees in a PCB-Contaminated Site

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2331-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Leigh ◽  
Petra Prouzová ◽  
Martina Macková ◽  
Tomáš Macek ◽  
David P. Nagle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Salix Caprea ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

ABSTRACT The abundance, identities, and degradation abilities of indigenous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria associated with five species of mature trees growing naturally in a contaminated site were investigated to identify plants that enhance the microbial PCB degradation potential in soil. Culturable PCB degraders were associated with every plant species examined in both the rhizosphere and root zone, which was defined as the bulk soil in which the plant was rooted. Significantly higher numbers of PCB degraders (2.7- to 56.7-fold-higher means) were detected in the root zones of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and goat willow (Salix caprea) than in the root zones of other plants or non-root-containing soil in certain seasons and at certain soil depths. The majority of culturable PCB degraders throughout the site and the majority of culturable PCB degraders associated with plants were identified as members of the genus Rhodococcus by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Other taxa of PCB-degrading bacteria included members of the genera Luteibacter and Williamsia, which have not previously been shown to include PCB degraders. PCB degradation assays revealed that some isolates from the site have broad congener specificities; these isolates included one Rhodococcus strain that exhibited degradation abilities similar to those of Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. Isolates with broad congener specificity were widespread at the site, including in the biostimulated root zone of willow. The apparent association of certain plant species with increased abundance of indigenous PCB degraders, including organisms with outstanding degradation abilities, throughout the root zone supports the notion that biostimulation through rhizoremediation is a promising strategy for enhancing PCB degradation in situ.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts from Plants Drought Stressed In Pod or Root Zones1

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Sanders ◽  
R. J. Cole ◽  
P. D. Blankenship ◽  
J. W. Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Root Stress

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the separate roles of root stress and pod stress in pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. Pod and root zones were separated by a polystyrene barrier in a unique design and drought type conditions were applied either above or below the barriers. In the three year study, aflatoxin was consistently found in peanuts when pods were exposed to drought stress although roots of those plants were well watered. Generally, aflatoxin was not found in peanuts when pods were well watered although roots were subjected to drought stress conditions. Moisture content of Pod Maturity Profile classes was generally lower in root zone stress conditions especially in the immature classes. Moisture contents of mustard-colored pods in all classes were extremely low (< 26%).

scholarly journals 14Carbon-labeled Photosynthate Partitioning in Ilex crenata `Rotundifolia' at Supraoptimal Root-zone Temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Photosynthate Partitioning ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Split Root

Ilex crenata Thunb. `Rotundifolia' split-root plants were grown for 3 weeks with root zones at 30/30, 30/34, 30/38, 30/42, 34/34, 38/38, and 42/42C. The 38C root-zone treatment was the upper threshold for several growth and physiological characteristics. A portion of the root system grown at or near the optimum temperature could compensate, in terms of shoot growth, for part of the root system exposed to supraoptimal root-zone temperatures up to 38C. Higher root-zone temperatures did not affect short-term photosynthetic rates or root : shoot ratios, but altered photosynthate partitioning to various stem and root sinks. Although no differences were found for total 14C partitioned to the roots, partitioning of 14C into soluble and insoluble fractions and the magnitude of root respiration and exudation were influenced by treatment. Heating half of a root system at 38C increased the amount of 14C respired from the heated side and increased the total CO2respired from the nonheated (30C) half. Exposure of both root halves to 42C resulted in membrane damage that increased the loss of 14C-labeled photosynthates through leakage into the medium.

scholarly journals Use of High-pressure Injection to Alleviate Type-I Fairy Ring Symptoms in Turfgrass

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Fidanza ◽  
P.F. Colbaugh ◽  
M.C. Engelke ◽  
S.D. Davis ◽  
K.E. Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Type I ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
Spray Method ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
High Pressure Injection

Fairy ring is a common and troublesome disease of turfgrasses maintained on golf course putting greens. Type-I fairy ring is especially destructive due to the development of hydrophobic conditions in the thatch and root zone, thus contributing to turfgrass injury and loss. The objective of this 2-year field study was to evaluate the application and novel delivery method of two fungicides and a soil surfactant for curative control of type-I fairy ring in a 20-year-old creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (synonym A. stolonifera)] putting green. In both years, all treatments were applied twice on a 28-day interval. In 1998, flutolanil and azoxystrobin fungicides were applied alone and in combination with Primer soil surfactant by a conventional topical spray method, and fungicides without Primer applied via high-pressure injection (HPI). Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with flutolanil plus Primer, HPI flutolanil, azoxystrobin alone, azoxystrobin plus Primer, or HPI azoxystrobin. In 1999, treatments were HPI flutolanil, HPI flutolanil plus Primer, HPI azoxystrobin, HPI water only, and aeration only. Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with HPI flutolanil plus Primer or HPI azoxystrobin. HPI of fungicides alone or in combination with a soil surfactant may be a viable option for alleviating type-I fairy ring symptoms on golf course putting greens.

scholarly journals Root-zone Stress Effects on Water Relations and Growth of Silver, Red, and Freeman Maples

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576a-576
Author(s):  
James A. Zwack ◽  
Anthony S. Aiello ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Temperature Interactions

Freeman maples (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray) are suspected to be more resistant to environmental stress than red maples (A. rubrum L.) because the lineage of Freeman maple includes silver maple (A. saccharinum L.). Little is known, however, about stress resistance of silver maple, and few data from direct comparisons of red and Freeman maples are available. Our objectives were to determine effects of root-zone heat on silver maples from northern and southern provenances, and to compare red and Freeman maple cultivars for resistance to rootzone heat stress and drought. There were no provenance-by-temperature interactions when silver maples from 33.3°N (Mississippi) and 44.4°N (Minnesota) latitude were grown with root zones at 29 and 35°C. Plants from 44.4°N latitude had 36% higher fresh mass, 43% more leaf surface area, and 35% and 59% higher, respectively, root and shoot dry masses than plants from 33.3°N latitude. Midday xylem water potential was 68% more negative for plants at 35°C than for plants at 29°C, and transpiration rate was 129% less for plants with root zones at 35°C than for those with root zones at 29°C. During preliminary work with Autumn Flame and Franksred red maple and Indian Summer and Jeffersred Freeman maples, rooted cuttings were grown in 25 and 37°C root zones under both drought and nondrought conditions. Reductions in growth at 37°C were similar for all cultivars. Results of this work could influence development, marketing, and use of Freeman maples.

scholarly journals High Root-zone Temperatures Influence RuBisCO Activity and Pigment Accumulation in Leaves of `Rotundifolia' Holly

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Rubisco Activity ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Leaf Soluble Protein ◽  
Pigment Accumulation ◽  
Zone Temperature

Plants of `Rotundifolia' holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) were grown for 3 weeks with root zones at 30,34,38, or 42C for 6 hours daily to evaluate the effects of supraoptimal root-zone temperatures on various photosynthetic processes. After 3 weeks, photosynthesis of plants grown with root zones at 38 or 42C was below that of plants grown at 30 or 34C. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels decreased while leaf soluble protein levels increased as root-zone temperature increased. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) activity per unit protein and per unit chlorophyll responded quadratically, while RuBisCO activity per unit fresh weight increased linearly in response to increasing root-zone temperature. Results of this study suggest that `Rotundifolia' holly was capable of altering metabolism or redistributing available assimilates to maintain CO2 assimilation rates in response to increasing root-zone temperatures.

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