scholarly journals Production of Amphidiploids of the Hybrids between Solanum macrocarpon and Eggplant

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mizanur Rahim Khan ◽  
Mst. Hasnunnahar ◽  
S. Isshiki
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Number ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Pollen Stainability ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Seed Fertility ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Pollen Diameter ◽  
Cell Chromosome

To restore fertility of the F1 between Solanum macrocarpon and eggplant, amphidiploids were produced through doubling of chromosomes by colchicine treatment. Shoot tips and axillary buds of F1 plants were kept for 2 and 4 days in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 0.05% colchicine. As a result of colchicine treatment, two amphidiploids were identified by observing root tip cell chromosome number, stomatal guard cell size, and pollen characteristics. The amphidiploids contained 48 chromosomes, twice the normal diploid number of 24. Stomata size and pollen diameter were significantly larger in amphidiploids than F1. Flower diameter and length and width of anther, petal, and sepal were significantly larger in the amphidiploids than in F1. Pollen stainability was 40% in amphidiploids but only 0.86% in the diploid F1. The amphidiploids, after selfing and backcrossing with S. macrocarpon, set fruits with healthy seeds. Therefore, production of amphidiploids by colchicine treatment restored the pollen and seed fertility of F1 between S. macrocarpon and eggplant. The amphidiploids produced in this study would be very useful in future breeding programs of eggplant.

scholarly journals In vitro induction and identification of polyploid Neolamarckia cadamba plants by colchicine treatment

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12399
Author(s):  
Wee Hiang Eng ◽  
Wei Seng Ho ◽  
Kwong Hung Ling
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Tetraploid Cell ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
In Vitro Induction

Polyploidization has played a crucial role in plant breeding and crop improvement. However, studies on the polyploidization of tropical tree species are still very scarce in this region. This paper described the in vitro induction and identification of polyploid plants of Neolamarckia cadamba by colchicine treatment. N. cadamba belongs to the Rubiaceae family is a natural tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes (2n = 4x = 44). Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) for 24 h and 48 h before transferring to shoot regeneration medium. Flow cytometry (FCM) and chromosome count were employed to determine the ploidy level and chromosome number of the regenerants, respectively. Of 180 colchicine-treated nodal segments, 39, 14 and 22 were tetraploids, mixoploids and octoploids, respectively. The highest percentage of polyploidization (20% octoploids; 6.7% mixoploids) was observed after treated with 0.3% colchicine for 48 h. The DNA content of tetraploid (4C) and octoploid (8C) was 2.59 ± 0.09 pg and 5.35 ± 0.24 pg, respectively. Mixoploid plants are made up of mixed tetraploid and octoploid cells. Chromosome count confirmed that tetraploid cell has 44 chromosomes and colchicine-induced octoploid cell has 88 chromosomes. Both octoploids and mixoploids grew slower than tetraploids under in vitro conditions. Morphological characterizations showed that mixoploid and octoploid leaves had thicker leaf blades, thicker midrib, bigger stomata size, lower stomata density, higher SPAD value and smaller pith layer than tetraploids. This indicates that polyploidization has changed and resulted in traits that are predicted to increase photosynthetic capacity of N. cadamba. These novel polyploid plants could be valuable resources for advanced N. cadamba breeding programs to produce improved clones for planted forest development.

scholarly journals Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Pennisetum interspecific hybrids and its effect on plant morphology

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshpreet Kaur ◽  
Rahul Kapoor ◽  
Yogesh Vikal ◽  
Anu Kalia
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Stomata Size

We report the production of hexaploid plants of interspecific hybrids of Pennisetum, with the ultimate aim to improve the biomass yield, drought tolerance and multicut behaviour of this genus. Chromosome doubling was achieved with the application of colchicine at three different concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) for two time durations (12 and 24 hours). The root slips and stem cuttings of interspecific hybrids were used for treatment and the root slips were found to be more efficient. The preliminary screening to select the putative hexaploid plant was done based on stomatal frequency and morphology. Plants containing significantly lower stomatal frequency and larger stomata size were selected for further analysis by chromosome counting. This experiment confirmed that 0.1% concentration of colchicine treatment to root slips for 24 hours was more effective to induce the amphiploids in Pennisetum.

Cytogenetics of fertility improvement in artificial autotetraploids of Hyoscyamus niger L.

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. C. Lavania ◽  
Sangeeta Srivastava ◽  
J. Sybenga
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Tropane Alkaloid ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Seed Fertility ◽  
Solanaceous Species ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Quadrivalent Frequency ◽  
Fertility Selection

Genetically stable artificial autotetraploids with over 90% seed set were obtained by colchicine treatment of the solanaceous species Hyoscyamus niger L. (4x = 68). The tetraploids were vigorous and had earlier been shown to yield considerably more tropane alkaloid per individual than the source diploids. The tetraploids had high bivalent frequencies at meiosis, and high fertility as a result of the formation of genetically balanced gametes. There was a systematic and significant decrease in quadrivalent frequency and an increase in bivalent frequency in three subsequent generations tested (C0, C1, C2). Possible causes of high bivalent frequency are discussed. Seed fertility can probably be increased in advanced generations by further selection for fertility and maximization of heterozygosity.Key words: Hyoscyamus niger, autotetraploid, meiosis, bivalents, fertility, selection.

scholarly journals Production of Tetraploid Somatic Hybrid Breeding Parents for Use in Lemon Cultivar Improvement

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tusa ◽  
J.W. Grosser ◽  
F.G. Gmitter ◽  
E.S. Louzada
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Hybrid ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Seedling Leaf ◽  
Cell Chromosome

Allotetraploid somatic hybrid plants of `Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) + `Femminello' lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.), and Milam lemon (purported hybrid of C. jambhiri Lush) + `Femminello' lemon were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis following protoplast fusion. `Hamlin' and Milam protoplasts were isolated from undeveloped ovule-derived embryogenic callus cultures and fused using a polyethylene glycol method with seedling leaf-derived protoplasts of `Femminello' lemon. Somatic hybrids were identified on the basis of leaf morphology, root-tip cell chromosome number, and electrophoretic analyses of phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucose mutase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase leaf isozymes. The somatic hybrids will be used in interploid crosses with lemon in an effort to generate seedless triploid lemon types with improved tolerance to mal secco disease.

scholarly journals Production of Somatic Hybrid and Autotetraploid Breeding Parents for Seedless Citrus Development

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude W. Grosser ◽  
Frederick G. Gmitter ◽  
E.S. Louzada ◽  
J.L. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Hybrid ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Sexual Hybrid ◽  
Seedling Leaf ◽  
Cell Chromosome

Allotetraploid somatic hybrid plants of `Nova' tangelo [a sexual hybrid of `Clementine mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) × `Orlando' tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi Macf.)] + `Succari' sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck), and `Hamlin' sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) + `Dancy' tangerine (C. reticulata) were regenerated following protoplast fusion. `Nova' and `Hamlin' protoplasts were isolated from ovule-derived embryogenic callus and suspension cultures, respectively, and fused using a polyethylene glycol method with seedling leaf-derived protoplasts of `Succari' and `Dancy', respectively. Plants were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis, and somatic hybrids were identified on the basis of leaf morphology, root-tip cell chromosome number, and electrophoretic analysis of peroxidase and phosphoglucose mutase isozyme banding patterns. Diploid plants were regenerated from unfused protoplasts of `Hamlin', `Nova', and `Succari'. Tetraploid plants of `Hamlin' and `Succari' were also recovered, apparently resulting from homokaryotic fusions. No `Dancy' plants were recovered. The somatic hybrid and autotetraploid plants can be used for interploid hybridization with selected monoembryonic scions to generate improved seedless triploid tangor/tangelo cultivars. The lack of suitable tetraploid breeding parents has previously inhibited the development of quality seedless cultivars by this method.

scholarly journals Ploidy Determination in Musa Germplasm Using Pollen and Chloroplast Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tenkouano ◽  
J.H. Crouch ◽  
H.K. Crouch ◽  
D. Vuylsteke
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Pollen Count ◽  
Pollen Stainability ◽  
Chloroplast Number ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Pollen Diameter ◽  
Ploidy Status

We attempted to determine ploidy level in the gametophyte and the sporophyte of Musa using pollen and chloroplast characteristics, respectively. In the gametophyte, interploidy differences accounted for 63.8% of the genetic variance for pollen diameter and 87.5% for pollen stainability, the remainder being attributable to intraploidy differences among clones. While pollen count and stainability effectively separated triploid accessions from diploids or tetraploids, they did not discriminate between diploids and tetraploids. In the sporophyte, the relative contributions of interploidy and intraploidy differences to genetic variation in the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells were 70.8% and 29.2%, respectively. Although pollen diameter and chloroplast number increased with ploidy, the use of the sporophytic parameter appears to provide a more satisfactory means of estimating ploidy status in Musa.

scholarly journals In vitro Induction of Banana Autotetraploids by Colchicine Treatment of Micropropagated Diploids

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Hamill ◽  
MK Smith ◽  
WA Dodd
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Optimum Treatment ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
In Vitro Induction

Alternative breeding strategies, based on colchicine-induced autotetraploids, have been proposed as a means of introducing disease resistance into banana breeding programs. This paper describes techniques for the in vitro induction of banana autotetraploids by the use of colchicine on cultured explants. The technique can be readily applied and large numbers of autotetraploids produced. The optimum treatment involved immersing shoot tips in a 0-5% w/v colchicine solution for 2 h under aseptic conditions. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was applied with the colchicine treatments to increase cell permeability and so absorption of colchicine, resulting in the optimum treatment unchanged at 0-5% colchicine, but including the addition of 2% v/v DMSO. Of the shoot tips treated over 30% were induced to the autotetraploid level. Methods for in vitro selection of induced tetraploids from treated diploid plantlets were also developed. Tetraploid plants were more robust with thicker pseudostems, roots and broader leaves than diploids and they could be selected on these morphological characteristics. Mean stomatal lengths of diploid banana plants growing in vitro were significantly smaller (16-0 mum) than the tetraploids (26.9 mum) and were used as a more reliable indicator of ploidy than morphological criteria alone. A root tip squash technique using carbol fuchsin was developed for positive confirmation of ploidy change by chromosome counts- Although chimerism and reversion to the diploid form occurred, it was not considered a problem because of the large number of autotetraploids induced. Stable autotetraploids were recovered and established in the field and were characterised by their large, drooping leaves and thick pseudostems. They have retained these characteristics for more than 3 years in the field.

scholarly journals Restoring Fertility for Novel Interspecific Hybrids between Kalanchoe garambiensis and K. nyikae Using Colchicine Treatment

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Yi Kuang ◽  
Chi-Hsuan Lu ◽  
Fu-Chiun Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Reciprocal Crossing ◽  
Long Stem ◽  
First Time

Interspecific hybridization is an effective strategy in Kalanchoe breeding programs for the introduction of new traits. Wild species within the Kalanchoe genus are valuable genetic resources for providing new horticulture traits and to improve environmental adaptations. However, reproductive barriers associated with fertilization and hybrid sterility must be overcome to produce fertile hybrid progenies. To approach the breeding objectives for Kalanchoe cut flower cultivars with long stem traits and adaptation to tropical/subtropical regions, a tropical species endemic to Taiwan, Kalanchoe garambiensis Kudo, was used as a parent to cross with other long stem Kalanchoe species. Reciprocal crossing was effective in overcoming interspecific unilateral incompatibility in our crossed pairs. One superior hybrid, ‘103-1’, produced capsules without seeds by selfing and backcrossing with pollens from either parent. Other than the seedless trait, failure of pollen releasing from anther, pollen aggregation and no pollen germination in ‘103-1’ suggested its F1 sterility. Colchicine treatments on apical buds of ‘103-1’ successfully overcame potential meiotic abnormalities by doubling ploidy. For the first time, fertile interspecific hybrids of K. garambiensis and K. nyikae Engler were generated. The fertile hybrid has further produced progeny populations by crossing with K. nyikae or K. blossfeldiana von Poelln, ‘Ida’.

scholarly journals Laboratory Techniques for Determining Ploidy in Plants

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Breeding Technique ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Pollen Grain Size

Determination of ploidy is an essential plant breeding technique. Laboratory exercises for teaching students how to determine ploidy in plant tissues using various techniques are described for geranium and onion. The different methods include root tip squashes, pollen mother cell squashes, pollen grain size and germinal pore counts, stomata size and density determination, and gross morphology.

scholarly journals Systemic Control of Cell Division and Endoreduplication by NAA and BAP by Modulating CDKs in Root Tip Cells ofAllium cepa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jigna G. Tank ◽  
Vrinda S. Thaker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Ofallium Cepa ◽  
Elongation Process ◽  
Growth Formation

Molecular mechanism regulated by auxin and cytokinin during endoreduplication, cell division, and elongation process is studied by usingAllium cepa rootsas a model system. The activity of CDK genes modulated by auxin and cytokinin during cell division, elongation, and endoreduplication process is explained in this research work. To study the significance of auxin and cytokinin in the management of cell division and endoreduplication process in plant meristematic cells at molecular level endoreduplication was developed in root tips ofAllium cepaby giving colchicine treatment. There were inhibition of vegetative growth, formation of c-tumor at root tip, and development of endoreduplicated cells after colchicine treatment. This c-tumor was further treated with NAA and BAP to reinitiate vegetative growth in roots. BAP gave positive response in reinitiation of vegetative growth of roots from center of c-tumor. However, NAA gave negative response in reinitiation of vegetative growth of roots from c-tumor. Further, CDKs gene expression analysis from normal, endoreduplicated, and phytohormone (NAA or BAP) treated root tip was done and remarkable changes in transcription level of CDK genes in normal, endoreduplicated, and phytohormones treated cells were observed.

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