scholarly journals Restoring Fertility for Novel Interspecific Hybrids between Kalanchoe garambiensis and K. nyikae Using Colchicine Treatment

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Yi Kuang ◽  
Chi-Hsuan Lu ◽  
Fu-Chiun Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Reciprocal Crossing ◽  
Long Stem ◽  
First Time

Interspecific hybridization is an effective strategy in Kalanchoe breeding programs for the introduction of new traits. Wild species within the Kalanchoe genus are valuable genetic resources for providing new horticulture traits and to improve environmental adaptations. However, reproductive barriers associated with fertilization and hybrid sterility must be overcome to produce fertile hybrid progenies. To approach the breeding objectives for Kalanchoe cut flower cultivars with long stem traits and adaptation to tropical/subtropical regions, a tropical species endemic to Taiwan, Kalanchoe garambiensis Kudo, was used as a parent to cross with other long stem Kalanchoe species. Reciprocal crossing was effective in overcoming interspecific unilateral incompatibility in our crossed pairs. One superior hybrid, ‘103-1’, produced capsules without seeds by selfing and backcrossing with pollens from either parent. Other than the seedless trait, failure of pollen releasing from anther, pollen aggregation and no pollen germination in ‘103-1’ suggested its F1 sterility. Colchicine treatments on apical buds of ‘103-1’ successfully overcame potential meiotic abnormalities by doubling ploidy. For the first time, fertile interspecific hybrids of K. garambiensis and K. nyikae Engler were generated. The fertile hybrid has further produced progeny populations by crossing with K. nyikae or K. blossfeldiana von Poelln, ‘Ida’.

scholarly journals Integrating metabolomics and targeted gene expression to uncover potential biomarkers of fungal/oomycetes-associated disease susceptibility in grapevine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Maia ◽  
António E. N. Ferreira ◽  
Rui Nascimento ◽  
Filipa Monteiro ◽  
Francisco Traquete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Targeted Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defence Responses ◽  
First Time

Abstract Vitis vinifera, one of the most cultivated fruit crops, is susceptible to several diseases particularly caused by fungus and oomycete pathogens. In contrast, other Vitis species (American, Asian) display different degrees of tolerance/resistance to these pathogens, being widely used in breeding programs to introgress resistance traits in elite V. vinifera cultivars. Secondary metabolites are important players in plant defence responses. Therefore, the characterization of the metabolic profiles associated with disease resistance and susceptibility traits in grapevine is a promising approach to identify trait-related biomarkers. In this work, the leaf metabolic composition of eleven Vitis genotypes was analysed using an untargeted metabolomics approach. A total of 190 putative metabolites were found to discriminate resistant/partial resistant from susceptible genotypes. The biological relevance of discriminative compounds was assessed by pathway analysis. Several compounds were selected as promising biomarkers and the expression of genes coding for enzymes associated with their metabolic pathways was analysed. Reference genes for these grapevine genotypes were established for normalisation of candidate gene expression. The leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 gene (LAR2) presented a significant increase of expression in susceptible genotypes, in accordance with catechin accumulation in this analysis group. Up to our knowledge this is the first time that metabolic constitutive biomarkers are proposed, opening new insights into plant selection on breeding programs.

scholarly journals Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling in Pennisetum interspecific hybrids and its effect on plant morphology

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshpreet Kaur ◽  
Rahul Kapoor ◽  
Yogesh Vikal ◽  
Anu Kalia
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Stomata Size

We report the production of hexaploid plants of interspecific hybrids of Pennisetum, with the ultimate aim to improve the biomass yield, drought tolerance and multicut behaviour of this genus. Chromosome doubling was achieved with the application of colchicine at three different concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) for two time durations (12 and 24 hours). The root slips and stem cuttings of interspecific hybrids were used for treatment and the root slips were found to be more efficient. The preliminary screening to select the putative hexaploid plant was done based on stomatal frequency and morphology. Plants containing significantly lower stomatal frequency and larger stomata size were selected for further analysis by chromosome counting. This experiment confirmed that 0.1% concentration of colchicine treatment to root slips for 24 hours was more effective to induce the amphiploids in Pennisetum.

scholarly journals ‘Garnem’ and Myrobalan ‘P.2175’: Two Different Drought Responses and Their Implications in Drought Tolerance

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Beatriz Bielsa ◽  
María Ángeles Sanz ◽  
María José Rubio-Cabetas
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Rootstock Breeding

One of the challenges in rootstock breeding programs is the combination of tolerances to different abiotic stresses in new interspecific hybrids adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. In this work, two Prunus L. rootstocks: Myrobalan ‘P.2175’ (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and the almond × peach hybrid ‘Garnem’ (P. amygdalus Batsch × P. persica (L.) Batsch) were subjected to drought during 24 h to understand their drought response mechanisms. The study was conducted monitoring leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage (EL); as well as the abscisic acid (ABA) content in roots. The relative expression of five drought-relative genes was also studied. The obtained results allowed examining the drought tolerance potential of ‘Garnem’ and Myrobalan ‘P.2175’, demonstrating the great potential of ‘Garnem’ as drought tolerance source in future selections in breeding. Furthermore, based on the obtained data, the transcription factor Myb25-like could be a good biomarker of drought sensitivity for use in Prunus rootstock breeding programs.

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING ALFALFA. VI. INEFFECTIVENESS OF ALLOPLOIDY IN INDUCTION FERTILITY IN MEDICAGO PIRONAE × M. DAGHESTANICA HYBRIDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lesins
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Plant Meiosis

Colchicine treatment of hybrids from the interspecific cross Medicago pironae Vis. × M. daghestanica Rupr. induced the formation of three tetraploid shoots, one with 2n = 29 and two with 2n = 32, in their somatic nuclei. Their flowers had 21, 44 and 62% plasma-filled pollen, respectively. No seed was obtained from these tetraploids after selfing and intercrossing more than 1,200 flowers, indicating the presence of a built-in fertility barrier between the two species.By applying pollen from the tetraploid hybrids to alfalfa (M. sativn L.) two trispecies hybrids with 2n = 34 and 30 chromosomcs were produced. The first had 32%, the second 22% plasma-filled pollen grains. On backcrossing to M. sativa, a higher seed set was obtained with pollen from the 2n = 34 plant than from the 2n = 30 plant. Meiosis in the 2n = 30 plant was abnormal. At MI multivalents were observed, indicating that chromosomal material may be interchanged between M. pironae-daghestanica and M. sativa. Approximately half the meiocytes at AI possessed lagging chromosomes and only 6% of secondary meiocytes at AII were without disturbances.

scholarly journals Races of Phytophthora sojae and Their Virulences on Soybean Cultivars in Heilongjiang, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuzhen Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Xu ◽  
Junjiang Wu ◽  
Allen G. Xue ◽  
Jinxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Rps Gene ◽  
First Time ◽  
Important Disease

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in Heilongjiang Province, China. The objectives of this research were to determine the race profile of P. sojae in Heilongjiang and evaluate soybean cultivars for reactions to the pathogen races. A total of 96 single-zoospore P. sojae isolates were obtained from soil samples collected from 35 soybean fields in 18 counties in Heilongjiang from 2005 to 2007. Eight races of P. sojae, including races 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 44, and 54, were identified on a set of eight differentials, each containing a single resistance Rps gene, from 80 of the 96 isolates. Races 1 and 3 were predominant races, comprising 58 and 14 isolates, and representing 60 and 7% of the pathogen population, respectively. Races 4, 5, 44, and 54 were identified for the first time in Heilongjiang, and each was represented by two to three isolates only. Sixty-two soybean cultivars commonly grown in Heilongjiang Province were evaluated for their resistance to the eight P. sojae races identified using the hypocotyl inoculation technique. Based on the percentage of plant mortality rated 5 days after inoculation, 44 cultivars were resistant (<30% mortality) to at least one race. These cultivars may be used as sources of resistance in soybean breeding programs.

scholarly journals A first record of Pestalotiopsis clavispora in Argan mass cutting propagation: Prevalence, prevention and consequences for plant production

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
Mustapha Bakry ◽  
Guy Bussières ◽  
Mohammed S. Lamhamedi ◽  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Debra C. Stowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
First Record ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Mass Propagation ◽  
Cutting Propagation ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
First Time

A trial involving the mass propagation of Argania spinosa cuttings was established following two protocols: in mini-bouturathèques without mist and in a greenhouse under mist. Symptoms of petiole necrosis, foliar yellowing and abundant black acervuli were observed under both protocols. These symptoms were responsible for a 90% mortality rate in the mini-bouturathèques while under the mist treatment premature fatal necrosis of the apical buds resulted in 100% mortality. The disease’s causal agent, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, was identified on the basis of its morphological characteristics and by molecular analysis. Alternating weekly treatments of systemic and contact fungicides resulted in a 41% success rate in controlling this pathogen, described for the first time on argan cuttings.

scholarly journals Method to obtain homozygous introgressing segments in Drosophila to identify the presence of hybrid sterility genes of the reproductive isolation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco García-Franco ◽  
Lilian Barandica-Cañon ◽  
Ezel Galindo-Pérez ◽  
Martha Martínez García ◽  
Blanca Chávez-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Genomic Map ◽  
Hybrid Lines ◽  
First Time ◽  
Polythene Chromosomes

Abstract Here, we present for the first time, a method to generate homozygous segmental introgressions, by means of crosses between a pair of synmorphic species. The introgressions were monitored by the cytogenetic method of polygenic chromosome asynapses. Later the introgressions were evaluated in their capacity to produce sterility in segmental males. Also, the smallest segment with the capacity to produce sterility in segmental males was mapped by in situ hybridization of polythene chromosomes, using 8 sequences of BACs clones as probes. Finally, a bioinformatic analysis was carried out to identify the presence of particular genes. From 2 parental strains, D. buzzatii and D. koepferae, 6 simple segmental hybrid lines were generated, whose introgressing segments are distributed along chromosome 4 of these species. From the 6 simple segmental lines and by means of a new crossing strategy, the 6 respective homozygous segmental hybrid offspring were obtained, each of them carrying a specific homozygous introgression. None of the 6 heterozygous introgressions was capable of producing sterility in segmental males, while 4 of the same homozygous introgressions produced total sterility in segmental males, including in this group the two smallest introgressive segments, one of 5.03 % and the other 7.87% with respect to the total length of chromosome 4, which are located in the region F2 to F4 of the standard cytological map based on polythene chromosomes of the Drosophila Repleta group. In situ hybridization, using 8 clones from contig 1065 located along the F2 to F4 region of the physical map of D. buzzattii constructed in BACs, confirmed the precise location of the 6 clones in the chromosomal region F2 to F4 of chromosome 4 of the polygenic chromosomes of both D. buzzatii and D. mojavensis. The bioinformatic analysis of the F2 to F4 region, using the complete genetic sequence of the contig 1065 of D. buzzatti shows the presence of two predicted genes in the genomic map of D. buzzatii (g.1313.t1 and g.1314.t1), and the orthologous association of these 2 genes both with the D. moj_GI22766 gene of D. mojavensis and with the Trivet gene of D. melanogaster.

scholarly journals Key genes in the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis pathway have different expression patterns under various abiotic stresses in the Iranian red and green cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojgan Shahivand ◽  
Reza Mir Drikvand ◽  
Masoud Gomarian ◽  
Kamran Samiei
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
First Time

Abstract Phenylpropanoids are a large and important family of plant secondary metabolites. The biosynthetic pathway of phenylpropanoids is induced in plants under environmental stresses to cope with these harmful conditions. In the present study, for the first time, we identified and characterized one reference gene (ACTIN) and three key biosynthetic genes (4CL, C4H and CVOMT) in the Iranian red and green cultivars of sweet basil. Also, the expression patterns of 4CL, C4H and CVOMT biosynthetic genes were determined for the first time in the Iranian red and green cultivars of sweet basil under cold, drought, heat, light and salt stresses. The results showed that the ACTIN, 4CL, C4H and CVOMT genes identified in the Iranian cultivars are identical to other cultivars in terms of all characteristics such as ORF length, protein sequence length, molecular weight, functional domains, lack of signal peptide, subcellular localization site, and secondary structures. Our results also revealed that the 4CL, C4H and CVOMT biosynthetic genes have different expression in the Iranian red and green cultivars of sweet basil under abiotic stresses and their expression patterns are cultivar-dependent. The findings of this study can advance our knowledge of phenylpropanoids biosynthesis in plants under environmental stresses. These findings also can be used in plant breeding programs for stress tolerance in sweet basil and other plants.

scholarly journals A Eurasia-wide polyploid species complex involving 6x Trifolium ambiguum, 2x T. occidentale and 4x T. repens produces interspecific hybrids with significance for clover breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Williams ◽  
Isabelle M Verry ◽  
Helal A Ansari ◽  
S Wajid Hussain ◽  
Ihsan Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Fertile Hybrids ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Trifolium ambiguum occurs as a 2x, 4x, 6x polyploid series in W Asia, The 6x form is the most agronomically desirable, having strong rhizomatous spread and drought tolerance. These traits would be potentially very valuable if they could be transferred to white clover (T. repens) which is the most important agronomic clover species. However, to-date, no fertile interspecific hybrids with 6x T. ambiguum are available. Previously, 2x T. occidentale from W Europe has produced synthetic fertile hybrids with both 2x and 4x T. ambiguum and these were inter-fertile with white clover. Here we ask whether 2x T. occidentale can form fertile hybrids with 6x T. ambiguum and act as a genetic bridge to white clover and bring these species together as part of a common gene pool. Results Ten verified F1 (6x T. ambiguum x 2x T. occidentale) hybrids were produced by embryo rescue and seven were studied further. All four investigated for chromosome number were 2n=4x=32 and FISH confirmed the expected 21 T. ambiguum and 8 T. occidentale chromosomes. Hybrid fertility was extremely low but 2n female gametes functioned with white clover pollen to produce seeds. Derived plants were confirmed using FISH and were successfully backcrossed to white clover to produce partially fertile breeding populations. Conclusions Although T. occidentale and 6x T. ambiguum are widely separated by geography and ecological adaptation they have maintained enough genomic affinity to produce partially fertile hybrids. Inter-fertility of the hybrids with allotetraploid T. repens showed that T. occidentale can provide a genetic bridge between 6x T. ambiguum and white clover to produce plants with new phenotypes combining the traits of all three species. Use of this information should enable potentially valuable stress tolerance traits from 6x T. ambiguum to be used in white clover breeding for the first time.

scholarly journals Tygarrup javanicus (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) – an exotic species that has reached Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (89) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Alicja Damasiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Leśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Small Body Size ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Tropical Vegetation ◽  
First Time

For the first time in Poland, centipedes of a tropical species Tygarrup javanicus (Attems, 1907) (Geophilomorpha) were found in the hothouses with the tropical vegetation of the Botanical Garden in Wrocław. This Asian species has increasingly been reported from European greenhouses. Its spread is facilitated, among other factors, by small body size and parthenogenesis. In Poland one should also expect other exotic species which have already been found in neighbouring countries.

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