scholarly journals Impact of Row Spacing and Herbicide Rate and Application Method on Weed Control and Harvest Efficiency of Lima Bean

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha Sankula ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Walter E. Kee ◽  
J.L. Glancey
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production System ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Harvest Efficiency

Field studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate labeled (1×) or reduced (0.5×) rates of metolachlor plus imazethapyr preemergence either broadcast or band applications to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) planted in 30-inch (76-cm) or 15-inch (38-cm) rows for weed control, yield, harvestability, and harvest recovery. Lima bean was planted in large plots simulating a commercial production system. All 30-inch rows were cultivated once 40 days after planting in 1997 and 21 days after planting in 1998. No differences were noted in weed densities between treatments both years. Marketable lima bean yield was greater from plots thatwere spaced 15 inches apart in 1997 only. However, total hand-harvested yield in both years, machine-harvested yield in 1998, and marketable yield in 1998 were not different between treatments. Measurements on harvest recovery revealed that a greater number of unstripped pods were left on plants after harvest in 15-inch row plots that were sprayed broadcast with 1× herbicide rate in 1997 only. Weight of beans lost per unit area and trash weight from 7-oz (200-g) bean sample was similar among treatments both years. Overall, weed control, yield, and harvest efficacy of lima bean was not impacted by row spacing, herbicide rate, or method of herbicide application in a commercial production system.

scholarly journals Narrow Row Spacing Does Not Affect Lima Bean Yield or Management of Weeds and Other Pests

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 884-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha Sankula ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Walter E. Kee ◽  
C. Edward Beste ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Narrow Row

Potential increases in the yield of agronomic crops through enhanced light interception have led many growers to consider using narrow rows in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). However, no information is available on how narrow row spacing affects weed management or fits into an integrated pest management strategy. To address this, field studies were conducted in Delaware and Maryland in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of row spacing (38 vs. 76 cm) on weed control, and on yield and quality of lima bean. Weed management inputs were also evaluated with labeled or reduced pre-emergence rates of metolachlor plus imazethapyr applied broadcast or banded. Only 76-cm rows were cultivated according to the standard practice for this production system. In general, row spacing, herbicide rate, and herbicide application method had no effect on lima bean biomass or yield, on weed density, control, or biomass production, or on economic return. However, weed control consistency was improved when wide rows were used, even with reduced herbicide rates, possibly because of cultivation. Using reduced herbicide rates and band applications resulted in 84% less herbicide applied without affecting weed control. Chemical names used: 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide (bentazon); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1Himidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (imazethapyr); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim).

Evaluating Soil Solarization for Weed Control and Strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) Yield in Annual Plasticulture Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
Jeffrey Derr ◽  
Mikel A. Conway ◽  
Roy D. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Growing Seasons

Field studies were initiated in the 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons to evaluate the potential of soil solarization (SS) treatments for their efficacy on weed control and crop yields and to compare SS to 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)+chloropicrin (Pic) fumigation. Each replicate was a bed with dimension 10.6 m long by 0.8 m wide on top. The center 4.6 m length of each bed, referred to as plots, was used for strawberry plug transplanting and data collection. Treatments included: i) 1,3-D+Pic (39% 1,3-dichloropropene+59.6% chloropicrin) that was shank-fumigated in beds at 157 kg ha−1and covered with VIF on August 30 in both seasons; ii) SS for a 6 wk duration initiated on August 15, 2013 and August 21, 2014 by covering the bed with 1 mil clear polyethylene tarp; iii) SS for a 4wk duration initiated on September 6, 2013 and September 3, 2014; iv) SS 4 wk treatment initiated September 6, 2013 and September 3, 2014 and replaced with black VIF on October 4, 2013 and October 1, 2014 and v) a nontreated control covered with black VIF on October 4, 2013 and October 1, 2014. In both seasons, following completion of the preplant treatments, ‘Chandler’ strawberry was planted in two rows at a 36 cm in-row spacing in plots during the first wk of October. Over both seasons, the 6 wk SS treatment consistently lowered the weed density compared to the nontreated control. Weed density in the 6wk SS treatment was not statistically different from the 4wk SS treatments in the 2013-14 growing season. In both seasons, crop yield in the 4 wk SS was significantly lower than other treatments.

scholarly journals Development of a Cultural Production System for Gobo (Japanese Burdock)

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 503C-503
Author(s):  
D.C. Sanders ◽  
Jay Frick ◽  
W.R. Jester
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield

`Takinogawa Long' gobo was seeded with two, three, or four rows per 1.5-m bed at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 21.5, and 30 cm. Total and marketable increased with in-row spacing and marketable yield increased with row number with the greatest yields occurring at 15, regardless of row number. Average root weight and yield of forked roots was not affected by row number, but increased with in row spacing. Similarly, percentage of forked roots decreased with more rows per bed. The 15-cm in-row spacing had the greatest yield, but also the greatest weight of culled roots, but none of the populations affected the percentage culls. In another study, in-row subsoiling (SS) and in-row banded phosphorus (P) were evaluated. Marketable yield was increased by both SS and P, but they did not interact. P increased average root weight. Neither SS or P affected forked root yield or cull root yield, but SS decreased forked roots and increased cull production.

scholarly journals Dry bean response to preemergence flumioxazin

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Albert T. Adjesiwor ◽  
David A. Claypool ◽  
Andrew R. Kniss
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Extension Center

AbstractField studies were conducted from 2009 through 2011 at the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center near Lingle, Wyoming, to evaluate great northern bean response to PRE flumioxazin mixed with either trifluralin, pendimethalin, or ethalfluralin. Seven treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with three or four replicates y−1. The soil texture of the study site was loam in 2009 and 2011, and sandy loam in 2010. Soil organic matter ranged from 1.4% to 1.8%. Treatments included flumioxazin plus trifluralin, flumioxazin plus pendimethalin, flumioxazin plus ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin plus EPTC, imazamox plus bentazon (POST), hand-weeded control, and nontreated control. Dry bean density 4 wk after planting differed among herbicide treatments (P < 0.001). Treatments that included flumioxazin reduced dry bean density 54% compared with treatments without flumioxazin. Dry bean yield was influenced by dry bean density; on average, yield in flumioxazin-containing herbicide treatments was 30% less than treatments not containing flumioxazin, even though weed control was generally greater in flumioxazin treatments.

Timing of Chlorimuron and Imazaquin Application for Weed Control in No-Till Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boyd Carey ◽  
Michael S. Defelice
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicide application timing on weed control in no-till soybean production. Row spacing generally had no effect on weed control. Herbicide treatments containing chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied as many as 45 days prior to planting in 1988 and 1989 controlled broadleaf weeds throughout the growing season. Imazaquin applied 45 and 30 days prior to planting provided poor control of common cocklebur in 1989. Giant foxtail control was inconsistent with all herbicide treatments. Soybean yields subsequent to early preplant herbicide applications were greater than or equal to those in which applications were made at planting when late-season weed control was adequate. Herbicides applied preemergence did not control high densities of common lambsquarters in 1989.

Interaction of Linuron and Row Spacing for Control of Yellow Foxtail and Barnyardgrass in Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril A. Kust ◽  
R. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Row Width ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Soybean Leaves ◽  
The University

Field studies were conducted during 1967 and 1968 at the University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, to determine the comparative effectiveness of combinations of row spacings and rates of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) for control of yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) in soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.). Soybean yields and weed control increased as row spacing decreased. Lower rates of linuron were required for comparable weed control as row spacing decreased. Yield increases with decreasing row width were much greater in 1968 than in 1967, probably because of better rainfall during July, August, and early September in 1968. Improved weed control in the narrow rows may have been due partially to absorption by soybean leaves of light wavelengths that may be most favorable for photosynthesis and vegetative growth of some weed species.

scholarly journals Lima Bean Growth, Leaf Stomatal and Nonstomatal Limitations to Photosynthesis, and 13C Discrimination in Response to Saline Irrigation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Donald L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Stomatal Limitation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bean Yield

Soil salinization is a widespread problem severely impacting crop production. Understanding how salt stress affects growth-controlling photosynthetic performance is essential for improving crop salt tolerance and alleviating the salt impact. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is an important crop, but little information is available on its growth and leaf gas exchange in relation to a wide range of salinity. In this study, the responses of leaf gas exchange and whole plant growth of lima bean (cv. Fordhook 242) to six salinities with electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.9 (control), 5.7, 7.8, 10.0, 13.0, and 15.5 dS·m−1 in irrigation waters were assessed. Significant linear reduction by increasing salinity was observed on plant biomass, bean yield, and leaf net carbon assimilation rate (A). As EC increased from the control to 15.5 dS·m−1, plant biomass and A decreased by 87% and 69%, respectively, at the vegetative growth stage, and by 96% and 83%, respectively, at the pod growth stage, and bean yield decreased by 98%. Judged by the linear relations, the reduction in A accounted for a large portion of the growth reduction and bean yield loss. Salinity also had a significantly negative and linear effect on leaf stomatal conductance (gS). Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and leaf C13 isotope discrimination (Δ13) declined in parallel significantly with increasing salinity. The A-Ci curve analysis revealed that stomatal limitation [Lg (percent)] to A increased significantly and linearly, from 18% to 78% and from 22% to 87% at the vegetative and pod-filling stages, respectively, as EC increased from the control to the highest level. Thus, relatively nonstomatal or biochemical limitation [Lm (percent), Lm = 100 − Lg] to A responded negatively to increasing salinity. This result is coincident with the observed Δ13 salt-response trend. Furthermore, leaf carboxylation efficiency and CO2-saturated photosynthetic capacity [maximum A (Amax)] were unaffected by increasing salinity. Our results strongly indicate that the reduction in lima bean A by salt stress was mainly due to stomatal limitation and biochemical properties for photosynthesis might not be impaired. Because stomatal limitation reduces A exactly from lowering CO2 availability to leaves, increasing CO2 supply with an elevated CO2 concentration may raise A of the salt-stressed lima bean leaves and alleviate the salt impact. This is supported by our finding that the external CO2 concentration for 50% of Amax increased significantly and linearly with increasing salinity at the both growth stages. Leaf water use efficiency showed an increasing trend and no evident decline in leaf chlorophyll soil plant analysis development (SPAD) readings was observed as salinity increased.

Effect of Row Spacing on Weed Control in Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wax ◽  
J. W. Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Triiodobenzoic Acid

Field studies were conducted over a 2-year period at Urbana, Illinois, to evaluate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Harosoy 63 and Wayne) and weed yields as influenced by row spacing, variety, weed control methods, and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (hereinafter referred to as TIBA). Soybean yield increased and weed yield decreased as row spacing was decreased. Compared to the yield from 40-inch rows, soybean yield increase was 10, 18, and 20% for 30, 20, and 10-inch rows, respectively. Both cultivation and applications of a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) controlled annual grass weeds at all row spacings. Cultivation controlled broadleaf weeds at all row spacings. Some broadleaf weeds, unaffected by trifluralin, made sufficient growth to impair soybean yields in wide rows but not in narrow rows.

scholarly journals In-row Spacing Affects Machine-harvested Jalapeno Pepper

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl E. Motsenbocker ◽  
Blair Buckley ◽  
William A. Mulkey ◽  
James E. Boudreaux
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Field studies were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the effect of in-row spacing on machine-harvested jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yield and plant characteristics. In 1991, `TAM Mild Jalapeno-1' (TAMJ1) and `Jalapeno-M' (JM) were planted at 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-inch (10-, 20-, 30-, 40-cm) in-row spacings and, in 1992, TAMJ1 was planted at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-inch (7.5-, 15-, 22.5-, 30-cm) spacings. Total marketable yield increased linearly for JM (in 1991), while the yield response was quadratic for TAMJ1 in 1992 with narrower in-row spacing. Total marketable yield for JM (1991) and TAMJ1 (1992) was highest for the narrowest spacing, 4 and 3 inches, respectively. Red fruit yield of both cultivars in 1991 increased linearly with narrower spacing. In 1992 there were no differences in red fruit yield among in-row spacings. Plants lodged more at wider spacings. In-row spacings as narrow as 4 inches may increase marketable yield of machine-harvested jalapeno pepper.

scholarly journals (370) In-row Plant Spacing Affects Early Season Fruit Yield of Strawberry Grown in a Winter, Annual Hill Production System

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1058C-1058
Author(s):  
Craig K. Chandler ◽  
Daniel E. Legard ◽  
Chang-Lin Xiao ◽  
James C. Mertely
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Winter Annual

On standard two-row black polyethylene covered beds, `Camarosa', `Rosa Linda', and `Sweet Charlie' strawberry plants were grown at 23, 31, 38, or 46 cm within-row spacing during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons at Dover, Fla. Ripe fruit were harvested twice weekly from December through March. The first 8 weeks of harvest was considered the early period; the late period consisted of all harvests after the first 8 weeks. The effect of spacing on early marketable yield was consistent across seasons and cultivars. The 23-cm spacing resulted in the highest marketable yield per unit area, followed by the 31-, 38-, and 46-cm spacing. The percentage of fruit that were small (unmarketable) was higher at the 23-cm spacing than at the wider spacings (40% vs. 35% or 36%), but spacing did not affect the percentage of fruit that were misshapen. For the late harvest period, a spacing effect on marketable yield occurred in 1998–99, but not in 1997–98. The 23-, 31-, and 38-cm spacings in 1998–99 resulted in similar late period yields, which were 15% to 21% higher than the yield resulting from the 46-cm spacing. These results indicate that marketable yields per plant during the late period were higher at the wider spacings.

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