Juice Attributes of Ontario-Grown Culinary (Dessert) Apples for Cider

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cline ◽  
Derek Plotkowski ◽  
Amanda Beneff
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Continued interest in the commercial production of cider in Ontario has revealed there is a lack of information available to apple producers and cidermakers on the juice attributes of culinary dessert apple for making cider and how they may vary from orchard to orchard. A two-year study was conducted to characterize the juice characteristics of 18 common culinary dessert apple cultivars grown at several locations in Ontario. Juice was assayed for soluble solids concentration, pH, titratable acidity (TA), juice extraction efficiency, yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), polyphenols and soluble solids-to-TA ratio. Significant differences among cultivars were observed for all parameters, which varied by orchard and year, except juice extraction efficiency. These data underly the importance of assaying juice every growing season prior to fermentation. Cidermakers should focus on juice characteristics from culinary apples that are more difficult to alter (with amendments), and use juice with lower pH, higher TA and polyphenols, and moderate to higher YAN to optimize cider quality and flavour. Overall, this study will inform cidermakers of which culinary apple cultivars might be preferable for fermentation as well as how they might be blended to optimize cider quality. Notwithstanding annual and orchard variation, cultivars that meet these criteria include Cortland, Crimson Crisp, Honeycrisp, Jonagold, McIntosh and Northern Spy. If making cider from Ambrosia, Crispin, Empire, Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious or Idared, cidermakers should expect to blend the juice from these cultivars to create a more fully balanced juice prior to fermentation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of select cider apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grown in Ontario. II. Juice Attributes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Plotkowski ◽  
John A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Twenty-eight apple cultivars were selected for their potential for hard cider production in Ontario and their juice characteristics were measured in 2017 and 2018, beginning two years after planting in 2015. After being harvested and pressed, each juice sample underwent analyses to determine soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), and polyphenolic concentration. SSC ranged from 10.6° Brix in Brown’s Apple to 18.3° Brix in Ashmead’s Kernel. TA ranged from 31 as mg malic acid 100 mL-1 juice in Sweet Alford to 191 as mg malic acid 100 mL-1 juice in Bramley’s Seedling. The pH ranged from 2.88 in Breakwell to 4.76 in Sweet Alford. YAN concentration ranged from 60 mg YAN L-1 juice in Medaille d’Or to 256 mg YAN L-1 juice in Bulmers Norman. Polyphenols in juice ranged from 131 µg gallic acid equivalents mL-1 juice in Tolman Sweet to 1042 µg gallic acid equivalents mL-1 juice in Stoke Red. Firmness ranged from 6.3 kg in Yarlington Mill to 11.7 kg in GoldRush. The relationships between these variables were also analyzed, showing a connection between acidity and juicing efficiency as well as a relationship between polyphenol concentration and fruit weight. Exploratory analyses indicated that juice attributes can be used to distinguish between cultivars and their origins. Cider producers can use these data to determine what to expect in juice from these cultivars.

scholarly journals Prestorage Heat Treatment as a Means of Improving Poststorage Quality of Apples

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Klein ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

The benefits conferred by a prestorage heat treatment on poststorage quality of apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) were measured on `Anna', a non-storing early cultivar, and `Granny Smith', a long-storing late cultivar. The major benefit was a decrease in rate of apple softening, both during OC storage and during simulated shelf life at 20C. Soluble solids concentration was not affected by heat treatment, but titratable acidity was reduced. Ethylene production after heat treatment and storage was similar to or higher than that of control apples, but respiration was lower. The optimum temperature and time combination for prestorage treatment of both cultivars was 4 days at 38C.

Effect of rate and timing of indaziflam on ‘Sunbelt’ and muscadine grape

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-385
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Basinger ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Wayne E. Mitchem
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Muscadine Grape ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

AbstractStudies were conducted at six locations across North Carolina to determine tolerance of ‘Sunbelt’ grape (bunch grape) and muscadine grape (‘Carlos’, ‘Triumph’, ‘Summit’) to indaziflam herbicide. Treatments included indaziflam (0, 50, 73 g ai ha–1) or flumioxazin (213 g ai ha–1) applied alone in April, and sequential applications of indaziflam (36, 50, 73 g ai ha–1) or flumioxazin (213 g ai ha–1) applied in April followed by the same rate applied in June. No crop injury was observed across locations. Muscadine yield was not affected by herbicide treatments. Yield of ‘Sunbelt’ grape increased with sequential applications of indaziflam at 73 g ha–1 when compared to a single application of indaziflam at 50 g ha–1 or flumioxazin at 213 g ha–1 in 2015. Sequential applications of flumioxazin at 213 g ha–1 reduced ‘Sunbelt’ yield compared to a single application of indaziflam at 73 g ha–1 in 2016. Trunk cross-sectional area was unaffected by herbicide treatments. Fruit quality (soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH) for muscadine and bunch grape was not affected by herbicide treatments. Indaziflam was safe to use at registered rates and could be integrated into weed management programs for southern US vineyards.

Effect of Polyolefin Film on the Quality of Kiwifruit with 1-MCP Treatment in Modified Atmosphere Packages

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 2769-2772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Hong Li ◽  
Cheng Jun Wang ◽  
Ai Li Wang ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Yao Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
And Control ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Kiwifruit is very perishable especially at 20 °C. The quality of kiwifruit with 1-MCP treatment stored at 20 °C in modified packages was investigated. Three different polyolefin films, including 0.03mm thickness polyethylene (PE), 0.03mm and 0.05mm thickness poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) films, were used as packaging films. Kiwifruit were fumigated with 1-MCP to delay ripeness and then packaged with the three films and control (air). O2 and CO2 concentrations in the packages, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid were measured. MAP treatments could postpone the increase of TTS, inhibit the reduction of TA, and avoid the decrease of flesh firmness. Kiwifruit packaged in 0.05mm PVC obtained 33% TA more than control fruit and approximate 25 % retention of initial firmness. However, MAP didn’t maintain more ascorbic acid content of kiwifruit. In conclusion, MAP using polyolefin films combination 1-MCP treatment, especially 0.05mm PVC, might be more effective for preserving the quality of kiwifruit.

scholarly journals STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BLACKBERRY FRUIT WHEN HELD AT TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1C

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 737f-737
Author(s):  
P. Perkins-Veazie ◽  
J.K. Collins ◽  
J.R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

The storage life of blackberry fruit is generally `2 to 3 days when stored at 1C. This study was done to determine the maximum storage life among erect blackberry cultivars, and to determine storage temperature effects on storage life. Shiny black fruit from `Navaho', `Arapaho', and `Shawnee' cultivars were stored at 2C, 5C, or 10C for 20, 14, and 7 days, respectively. At any temperature. only 10-20% of `Navaho' fruit had decay, while 30-50% of `Arapaho' and 40-70% of `Shawnee' fruit had decay. Weight loss was 3-5% depending on temperature and was not different among cultivars. Soluble solids concentration did not change during storage but titratable acidity decreased in all cultivars for fruit held at all temperatures. Anthocyanin content increased during storage in `Shawnee' and `Navaho' but not in `Arapaho' fruit. Results indicate that `Navaho' fruit have a longer shelflife than other blackberry cultivars.

scholarly journals QUALITY EVALUATION OF CANTALOUPES FROM AHPID-INFESTED PLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 652b-652
Author(s):  
P.M. Perkins-Veazie ◽  
J.K. Collins ◽  
N. Maness ◽  
B. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Melon Aphid ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration ◽  
Aphid Populations

High populations of melon aphid (aphis gossypii) reduce cantaloupe plant growth and yield; effects on subsequent fruit quality are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fruit quality from plants with high and low aphid populations. Up to 50% of melons from plants having high aphid populations were unmarketable due to surface sooty mold. Melons from plants with high or low aphid populations, but not cultivars, were similar in flesh quality. The internal color of `Perlita' and `Sweet Surprise' was a more yellow hue while that of `TAM Uvalde' was more orange. `Sweet Surprise' melons were lower in percent soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity, but were higher in mg fructose/ml juice compared to the other cultivars. A trained taste panel of 30 people evaluated melons from 2 cultivars showing little damage from melon aphid infestations and from 2 cultivars exhibiting high damage. All melons had similar taste qualities with acceptable sweetness, flavor, odor and texture. These results show that high aphid populations deleteriously affect cosmetic appearance, but not flesh quality, of melons.

scholarly journals The Effect of Timing of the Final Seasonal Nitrogen Fertigation on Early Fruit Maturity, Fruit Diameter, and Leaf Nitrogen on Navel Oranges

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Kallsen
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Fruit Diameter ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Previous research has shown that nitrogen fertilization rates may influence fruit quality characteristics of navel oranges [(Citrus sinensis) (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to determine, for equal seasonal N applications, if the timing of the last seasonal nitrogen fertigation promotes early fruit maturity or affects fruit size. The study consisted of four treatments with the total seasonal allocation of nitrogen fertilizer applied by ≈1 May, 1 June, 1 July, and 1 Aug. in an experimental site in a commercial orange grove in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. The source of nitrogen was a liquid calcium ammonium nitrate injected through the irrigation system. No significant treatment differences in soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, the ratio of soluble solids concentration to titratable acidity, percent juice, fruit color and fruit diameter were detected in fruit sampled in October. Similarly, in September, no significant differences in leaf nitrogen were found among treatments. These results do not support the hypothesis that applying the total seasonal application of nitrogen early in the season results in earlier orange maturity or larger fruit size, at least not for trees that have leaf N in the optimum range.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of an Amino Acid-Enriched Urea Fertilizer on ‘Greco’ Grapevines at Full Veraison Increases Berry Yeast-Assimilable Nitrogen Content

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Mataffo ◽  
Pasquale Scognamiglio ◽  
Antonio Dente ◽  
Daniela Strollo ◽  
Giuseppe Colla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Assimilable Nitrogen

Reaching a sufficient yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) content in berries at harvest is considered a main viticultural goal for wine-making, because low YANs can slow down must fermentation and have negative effects on wine sensory attributes. For this reason, many attempts have been made to define correct fertilization strategies to stimulate YAN accumulation in the berries. Foliar application of amino acid-enriched urea fertilizer is considered a promising environmentally friendly strategy for improving the yield and nutrient efficiency of plants. The aim of this two-year research was to study the effects of two fertilizers based on urea enriched with amino acids applied at low doses in diverse phenological stages on berry YAN concentration in ‘Greco’ grapevines. The results of this study indicate that amino acid-enriched urea fertilizers induced an increase in YANs in the ‘Greco’ berries at harvest, but only when the application was undertaken at full veraison. Foliar applications applied at veraison onset or post-veraison appeared to be ineffective. In addition, the fertilizers enhanced YAN accumulation in the berry without modifying the other composition parameters measured in this study (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and malic acid). Therefore, the results of our study suggest that foliar application of urea fertilizers enriched with amino acids is an effective strategy to increase yeast-assimilable nitrogen concentration in grapevine berries at harvest.

scholarly journals Firmness Measurement of Stored `Delicious' Apples by Sensory Methods, Magness-Taylor, and Sonic Transmission

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Abbott ◽  
Henry A. Affeldt ◽  
Louis A. Liljedahl
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Transmission Spectra ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

`Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from five major U.S. production areas were tested after ≈3 months of commercial storage. Soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), Magness-Taylor (MT) firmness, and sonic transmission spectra were compared with ripeness (maturity in trade terminology) scores assigned by six U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA)-licensed apple inspectors according to USDA Grades and Standards inspection procedures. USDA ripeness categories are defined by textural and flavor terms. Inspectors in this test used visual, manual, oral, and auditory sensations to make their judgments, but firmness was the paramount characteristic judged. SSC and TA did not correlate with inspectors' scores, MT, or sonic measurements and thus are not satisfactory indices of ripeness for stored apples. Sonic resonance functions correlated significantly with mean inspectors' scores and with MT firmness. Inspectors' scores correlated slightly better with MT firmness than with sonic terms. MT is destructive and site-specific; in contrast, sonic measurements are nondestructive and representative of the entire fruit.

scholarly journals EcoLyst Application Timing and Juice Corrected Soluble Solids (Brix) of Processing Oranges and Grapefruit in Florida

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Davies ◽  
Glenn R. Zalman ◽  
Ed Stover ◽  
Scott Ciliento
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

EcoLyst, a formulation of N-N-diethyl-2-(4-methylbenzyloxy) ethylamine hydrochloride containing 1 g/floz [4.5 oz/gal (33.8 g·L-1)] a.i., is a plant growth regulator that has been reported to increase soluble solids concentration (SSC) in juice oranges by 0.6% to 1.2%. Our objectives were to determine the effectiveness of EcoLyst application for increasing SSC in Florida oranges (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (C. paradisi), and to identify the optimum rate and time of application. Experiments were conducted for three seasons using `Hamlin,' `Pineapple,' and `Valencia' sweet oranges; and for two seasons using `Flame,' `Marsh,' and `Ray Ruby' grapefruit, all in commercial groves. EcoLyst was applied at 6 and 12 floz/acre (0.44 and 0.88 L·ha-1) for oranges and 16 and 32 ppm (mg·L-1) [effectively 9 and 18 floz/acre (0.66 and 1.32 L·ha-1) in most sprays] for grapefruit, and included Silwet L-77 adjuvant at 0.05%. Applications were made at several stages of development from prebloom to initial fruit set. In all cases, SSC was determined as juice corrected SSC, by adjusting refractometer readings based on titratable acidity. In 13 trials with sweet orange only five displayed significant increases in SSC (P ≤ 0.05) resulting from EcoLyst application. Two additional trials produced SSC increases significant at P < 0.10. Even where significant increases in SSC occurred they were typically observed in only one harvest and at one time of application and were always relatively low in magnitude (highest increase over controls was 0.38%). No rate or timing of EcoLyst application was consistently associated with best response, although eight of nine SSC increases observed in orange occurred with applications ranging from prebloom to 25% open flowers. Only one significant increase in SSC was observed in five trials with grapefruit. In these studies, increases in SSC resulting from EcoLyst application were neither sufficiently consistent nor large enough to justify a recommendation for commercial use in Florida citrus.

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