scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilization and Use of Container-grown Maple Selections as Hosts by the Potato Leafhopper

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo-Ann Bentz ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Insect Attack

The suitability of container-grown clones of red maple, Acer rubrum L., as a host to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), under different fertilization regimes was determined, and compared to different freeman maple cultivars (A. ×freemanii E. Murray). Three clonal selections of red maple (USNA numbers 56026, 59904, and 55410), and three freeman maple cultivars (55892 `Indian Summer', 67256 `Jeffersred' [trademark Autumn Blaze], and 55890 `Armstrong') were potted in 7.6-L containers, fertilized with either 0, 3.3, or 6.6 g/pot of calcium nitrate and used in experiments. When given a choice, female leafhoppers laid more eggs on leaves of red maple clone 56026 than on leaves of clone 59904, with oviposition linearly increasing on both clones with increases in the fertilization level applied to the trees. Yet, when female leafhoppers were confined to leaves using organza sleeve cages, oviposition increased linearly as fertilizer level increased, without a significant clonal effect. Oviposition did not differ among freeman maple cultivars, nor was it influenced by the fertilizer level applied to the freeman maple trees. Nymphs had the lowest odds of surviving to adulthood when reared on the freeman maple `Jeffersred', but highest when reared on red maple 59904. Red maple 59904 had the fastest growth rate while red maple 55410 had the slowest. Leaf initiation and expansion in red maple 56026 was significantly slower than in the other selections. Leaf development of these three red maple clones was significantly accelerated by the application of fertilizer, regardless of level. The maple selections differed in their mean amounts of foliar macronutrients and micronutrients, which related to the fertilizer level applied to trees. Unfertilized trees had the highest C to N ratio, which decreased as fertilizer level applied to trees was increased. This study showed that fertilization improved the performance of the potato leafhopper on previously nonpreferred maple selections, and that the foliar nutrient content and C to N ratio could be used as indicators of tree susceptibility to insect attack under different growing conditions.

scholarly journals Seasonal Phenology, Management, and Host Preferences of Potato Leafhopper on Nursery-Grown Maples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Potter ◽  
Patricia G. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Empoasca Fabae ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
And Control

Abstract Seasonal phenology and control of the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) on red maples (Acer rubrum L.) were studied for three years in nurseries in central Kentucky. Migratory adult leafhoppers were first captured on yellow sticky traps in early May. Peak population density ranged from late May to late June. The second flush of leaves was most heavily damaged in each year. Foliar sprays of cyfluthrin (Tempo 2), a synthetic pyrethroid, beginning 1 to 2 weeks after first capture of leathoppers and repeated at biweekly intervals during May and June, greatly reduced symptoms of injury. Acephate (Orthene) was less effective than cyfluthrin, whereas treatment of the soil with disulfoton (Di-syston) was ineffective. Oviposition and development of the leafhopper on red maple were confirmed. Field evaluations of selected cultivars showed that red maples were more severely damaged than sugar (A. saccharum L.) or Norway (A. platanoides L.) maples. ‘Autumn Blaze’, an A. rubrum × saccharinum hybrid, was relatively resistant.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Various Traits of 40 Selections and Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple Growing in Maryland

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Townsend ◽  
L. W. Douglass
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Thirty-seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) selections and commercial cultivars were evaluated for six years in a replicated field plot at Glenn Dale, MD. Significant differences among clones occurred for growth rate; for time, intensity, and duration of autumn color; for time of growth initiation in the spring; and for injury sustained from potato leafhopper (PLH) [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] feeding. The red maple cultivars showing the best red color over three years time were ‘Autumn Flame,’ ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley,’ and ‘Van.’ The cultivar ‘Bowhall’ was the least reddish. Of the three Freeman maples evaluated, ‘ Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ manifested the best red color and also low PLH injury; whereas ‘Armstrong’ consistently showed the least reddish color of all 40 clones tested, and intermediate PLH injury. Those cultivars and selections from northern seed sources reached their peak color the earliest, but often dropped their leaves more quickly after showing their best color, compared to clones originating in more southerly locations. The clones showing the least PLH injury over several years included the Freeman maples ‘Jeffersred’ and ‘Indian Summer,’ and red maple clones and cultivars selected by the U.S. National Arboretum either from full-sib progenies (e.g., ‘Brandywine,’ ‘Somerset,’ ‘Sun Valley’) or from an Ohio provenance-progeny test (e.g., ‘Cumberland,’ ‘Red Rocket’). Those clones initiating growth (or “flushing”) earliest in the spring generally showed the least PLH injury; correlations between lateness of flushing and degree of PLH injury were highly significant.

How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard W. Sweeney ◽  
Stephen J. Czapka ◽  
L. Carol A. Petrow
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Seedling Survivorship ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Method Of Planting ◽  
Planting Method

Abstract The success of upland and riparian afforestation depends on landowners making informed decisions about key factors such as the quality of seedlings (species, size, and root stock), planting technique, site preparation, weed and herbivore control, and planting pattern for the plantation. We show here that the short-term (1 year) and longer-term (3 year) effects on seedling survivorship and growth due to planting technique (dibble-bar versus auger) did not differ significantly for the five test species (red maple [Acer rubrum L.], eastern redbud [Cercis canadensis L.], green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh], sweetbay magnolia [Magnolia virginiana L.], and sweet gum [Liquidambar styraciflua L.]). Weed treatment (tree mats, initial herbiciding, and annual herbiciding) also failed to significantly increase seedling survivorship or growth, a result hypothesized to be caused by high moisture and nutrient content of soils on the site. In contrast, tree shelters significantly increased seedling survivorship and growth after 1 and 3 years. For some species, 3-year survivorship was up to fivefold higher with shelters. Long-term weed control increased survivorship of sheltered seedlings but decreased survivorship for those without shelters because of increased exposure to deer. For this site, successful afforestation depends more on protecting seedlings from herbivory with tree shelters than on either the method of planting or the method of controlling weeds.

Vegetation responses to simulated emerald ash borer infestation inFraxinus nigradominated wetlands of Upper Michigan, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Davis ◽  
Joseph P. Shannon ◽  
Nicholas W. Bolton ◽  
Randall K. Kolka ◽  
Thomas G. Pypker
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sapling Growth ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Community

The invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)) is a significant threat to biodiversity and ecosystem processes in North American forests. Of particular concern is the fate of Fraxinus nigra (black ash), which is frequently a dominant canopy species across much of its range. To investigate the potential vegetation response to the loss of this foundation species, EAB-induced mortality was simulated in F. nigra dominated wetlands of Upper Michigan, USA. No growth response of residual overstory species occurred over the course of three growing seasons, which may in part be attributed to negative effects of post-treatment growing conditions, including prolonged inundation. A significant increase in non-Fraxinus sapling growth rate was observed, however. Mortality of F. nigra did not impact overall stem recruitment or regeneration, although species composition is shifting towards Acer rubrum (red maple) and Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) in the seedling layer. The herbaceous community exhibited the greatest response, nearly doubling in areal cover by the end of the study. Importantly, this expanded cover was not associated with decreased establishment of new woody seedlings, suggesting that increased competition between these functional groups has not yet impacted the potential for future recovery of woody vegetation in these forests.

CONTROL OF POTATO LEAFHOPPER, EMPOASCA FABAE (HARRIS), ON RED MAPLE, ACER RUBRUM IN A COMMERCIAL NURSERY, 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanton A. Gill ◽  
Paula M. Shrewsbury ◽  
Suzanne Klick ◽  
Shannon Wadkins
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Empoasca Fabae ◽  
Red Maple

scholarly journals Evaluation of Systemic Insecticides for Potato Leafhopper Control in Field-Grown Red Maple

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
J.B. Oliver ◽  
D.C. Fare ◽  
N. Youssef ◽  
M.A. Halcomb ◽  
M.E. Reding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Empoasca Fabae ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Gel Treatment ◽  
Application Methods

Abstract Systemic insecticides and application methods were evaluated in two trials that began in 2005 and 2006 for control of potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae [Harris]) on four red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars and rated annually through 2007. Treatments evaluated in this study included surface drenches of imidacloprid plus cyfluthrin (Discus) or imidacloprid plus bifenthrin (Allectus SC), clothianidin (Arena 50WDG), dinotefuran (Safari 20SG), or thiamethoxam (Flagship 25WG); soil inserted treatments of imidacloprid formulated as an experimental tablet or as an experimental gel; or a plant root dip of Discus + Terra-Sorb hydrogel. In the 2005 trial, a one-time drench of Discus or two imidacloprid tablets significantly reduced leafhopper damage to red maple for a 3-year period. In the 2006 trial, a one-time drench of Allectus, Discus, Arena, Flagship, and Safari significantly reduced leafhopper damage for 2 years. In most cases, the Discus drench and root dip treatments were initially more effective than the imidacloprid tablets or the gel treatment. However, in general, the efficacy of imidacloprid tablet or gel treatments increased in subsequent years. Two imidacloprid tablets were more effective than one. Likewise, higher imidacloprid drench rates were more effective than lower rates. Most insecticide treatments significantly increased red maple trunk diameter, although this effect varied with cultivar and time. Allectus and Discus drench treatments significantly increased the branch and internode length of ‘Franksred’ maple in the 2005 trial. Results of this study indicate long-term potato leafhopper control with systemic insecticides and enhanced growth in red maple.

scholarly journals Response of Interveinally Chlorotic Red Maple Trees Treated with Medicaps or by Soil Acidification

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
A. Steven Messenger ◽  
Brett A. Hruby
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Abstract Four replicates of 6 treatments were imposed on a nursery block of interveinally chlorotic red maples (Acer rubrum ‘Red Sundet’ L.) when they were 5 years-old. Throughout 2 growing seasons of foliar nutrient monitoring, the degree of chlorosis was more closely correlated with leaf concentrations of P and K (positive) than with Mn (negative). Soil treatments which included subsoil acidification (H2SO4 + MnSO4) were most effective in re-greening the trees and in increasing leaf Mn concentrations, height and diameter growth, and red fall color development. Mn-Medicaps were equally effective as the above treatments in decreasing leaf P and K concentrations and increasing shoot elongation rates. Surface soil acidification alone resulted in either negative or no effects on the health-related parameters measured.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Potato Leafhopper Injury Among Acer rubrum Progenies

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
One Parent Families

Abstract Significant variation in injury from potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) was found among red maple (Acer rubrum L.) progenies grown from seed collected in 48 stands scattered throughout the species range. Both the stand of origin and one-parent families within stands were highly significant sources of variation in degree of injury. Seedlings from far northern areas generally sustained less injury than did seedlings from more southerly sources. The broad geographic pattern of injury paralleled that found in growth initiation in previous studies, and suggests that resistance to potato leafhopper injury is at least partially phenological in nature—with those trees initiating growth earliest in the spring sustaining the least injury.

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