Duration of the Grain Filling Period and Its Relation to Grain Yield in Corn, Zea mays L. 1

Crop Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Daynard ◽  
J. W. Tanner ◽  
W. G. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Cross-pollination effects on maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid yields

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
N Fertility

Recent studies have shown that pollen from a long-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid increased yield of a short-season hybrid by lengthening the effective grain-filling period, while the reciprocal cross did not alter this period or yield. This effect (metaxenia) was evaluated further in the studies reported here with hybrids of more diverse maturity and under both high and low N fertility. In the first year of this study (1989), sib- and cross-pollinations were made among B73Ht × Mo17 (B × 7) and two early-silking hybrids, LH59 × LH146 (L × 6) and Pioneer 3732 (3732) under N-sufficient (275 kg ha−1) and two lower N regimes (17 and 67 kg ha−1). Only a few significant effects were observed and these were noted at high N with one exception. With 3732 pollen, grain yield of B × 7 was decreased at 275 kg N ha−1, and physiological maturity occurred 3 d earlier. Yield of 3732 was increased by L × 6 pollen in comparison with B × 7 pollen. Kernel number and average kernel weight were not altered by pollen source. Pollen type did not affect yields under low N fertility, except for a reduction when B × 7 was pollinated by L × 6 at the 67-kg N ha−1 rate. In 1990, under N-sufficient fertility, B73Ht × LH156 (B × 6), a late-silking hybrid, and LH146 × LH82 (L × 2), an earlier hybrid, were sib- and cross-pollinated with B × 7 and 3732. The only significant effect observed was that L × 2 pollen increased B × 6 yield. Thus with the hybrids used, yields of early-season types were not altered by cross-pollination with long-season types. Previous results showing increased yields when 3732 was pollinated by B × 7 were not duplicated in either year, suggesting metaxenia effects are highly dependent upon environment.Key words: Metaxenia, xenia, cross-pollination, maize, yield, N levels

PERFORMANCE UNDER STRESS OF ADVANCED CYCLES OF FOUR POPULATIONS OF CORN (Zea mays L.) IN AN S1 PER SE RECURRENT SELECTION PROGRAM

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
O. A. ADARA ◽  
L. W. KANNENBERG
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Primary Selection ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Advanced Cycles

Two cycles of S1 per se recurrent selection were conducted in four populations of corn (Zea mays L.). The primary selection criterion was a performance index: grain yield divided by percent moisture at harvest. The original (C0) source material and first cycle (C1) of selection for each population were evaluated in a favorable (1977) and an unfavorable (1978) growing season. Second cycle (C2) materials were also included in the 1978 comparisons. In 1977, C1 yielded significantly more grain than C0 in three of the four populations. In contrast, performance of C1 and C2 materials in 1978 was inferior to C0 in all populations but one. The advanced cycles of only one population showed improvement over C0 in both years. Comparisons of the 1977 data for days to silking, grain yield, and percent ear moisture at harvest suggest that rate of grain filling in C1 was higher than in C0 for all populations. The higher rates of grain filling in the advanced cycles may have caused a carbohydrate deficiency under stress (1978) so that the leaves no longer functioned normally and kernel filling was terminated prematurely. In general, the four populations showed inherent differences in their respective responses to selection, to environmental stress, and to inbreeding.

The effect of changes of assimilate supply around flowering on grain sink size and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars of tropical and temperate adaptation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK Aluko ◽  
KS Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Sink Size

Two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars of temperate and one of tropical adaptation were grown in a subtropical (27�s.) environment under favourable conditions of plant population density, water and nutrient supply. The radiation incident to the plant during the period from flag leaf to 10 days after flowering was varied from the control by either shading or temporarily restraining leaves of neighbouring plants. The effects of these changes in assimilate supply, and of the presence of the male inflorescence, on the immediate dry weight of various plant parts and grain sink size, and consequential on dry matter production and grain yield was investigated. The radiation treatments effected small but significant changes in crop growth rate. Shading reduced the dry weight of the ear, and husk of the female inflorescence and male inflorescence (tassel). There were increases due to enhanced radiation. While removal of tassels also enhanced the dry weight of the female inflorescence, there was no evidence that the male inflorescence was a preferred sink for assimilates during this stage of growth.In the temperate cultivars, grain number m-2 was associated with ear dry weight at 10 days after anthesis (r = 0.95**). However, only in the tropical cultivar did the larger grain sink result in an increase in grain yield. Shading reduced grain yield in all cultivars probably because of a reduction in the supply of labile assimilates for grain filling.

scholarly journals REAPLICAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO NA MITIGAÇÃO DO EFEITO DA DESFOLHA EM DIFERENTES FASES FENOLÓGICAS DO MILHO

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ PRECHLAK BARBOSA ◽  
CLAUDEMIR ZUCARELI ◽  
RODRIGO YOITI TSUKAHARA ◽  
EDSON GIOVANNI KOCHINSKI ◽  
JOSE HENRIQUE BIZZARRI BAZZO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Corn Production

RESUMO - O manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada para atenuar efeitos da perda de área foliar é uma soluçãopouco explorada. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar, em campo, o efeito da reaplicação de nitrogênio e intensidade dedesfolha em diferentes fases fenológicas sobre a incidência de grãos ardidos e o desempenho produtivo do milho. Odelineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x7x4+2, sendo,a reaplicação de N em cobertura (0 e 40 kg ha-1), os estádios fenológicos de desfolha (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 e R5),as intensidades de desfolha (25, 50, 75 e 100%) e dois controles adicionais (0% de desfolha com e sem a reaplicaçãode N). As avaliações realizadas foram percentagem de grãos ardidos, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Osdados foram submetidos à análise de variância, testes de Tukey, Dunnett e regressão até 2º grau (p0,05). A reaplicaçãode nitrogênio após a desfolha atenua os efeitos desse estresse na massa e no rendimento total de grãos, com maiorefetividade quando ocorre nos estádios vegetativos. O prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo em razão da desfolha éacentuado quando ocorre no florescimento e enchimento de grãos, pois desequilibra a relação fonte-dreno. A desfolhaem estádios iniciais proporciona maior intensidade de grãos ardidos nas plantas de milho.Palavras-chave: Adubação nitrogenada, Área foliar, Estádios fenológicos, Zea mays L.REAPPLICATION OF NITROGEN AS MITIGATIONTO THE DEFOLIATION EFFECT AT STAGES OF MAIZEABSTRACT - The proper management of nitrogen fertilization to mitigate the effects of the loss of leaf area ispoorly explored. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of nitrogen reapplication and defoliation intensity atdifferent phenological stages on the incidence of rot grains and corn production performance. The experimental designwas a randomized complete block with four replications, in a 2x7x4 + 2 factorial scheme, with the reapplication of Ntopdressed (0 and 40 kg ha-1), the defoliation stages (V2, V4, V6, V10, R1, R3 and R5), defoliation intensities (25, 50, 75and 100%) and two additional controls (0% defoliation with and without reapplication of N). Percentage of rot grains,mass of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey’s, Dunnett’s testsand regression up to grade 2 (p 0.05). Reapplication of nitrogen after defoliation attenuates the effects of this stress onthe mass and the total yield of grains, with greater effectiveness in the vegetative stages. The damage to the productiveperformance due to defoliation was accentuated when occurred at the flowering and grain filling as it unbalancesthe source-drain relation. Depletion in the early stages caused higher occurrence of grain burned in maize plants.Keywords: Nitrogen fertilization, Leaf area, Phenological stages, Zea mays L.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING GRAIN FILLING ON WHOLE PLANT AND GRAIN YIELD IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. BADU-APRAKU ◽  
R. B. HUNTER ◽  
M. TOLLENAAR
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant

In a 2-yr study, plants of an adapted, short-season single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid were grown outdoors until 18 days post-silking. At that stage, the plants were transferred to controlled-environment growth cabinets where temperature effects on leaf senescence, grain and whole plant dry matter (DM) production and DM distribution were studied. The day/night temperature regimes were 25/15 °C, 25/25 °C, 35/15 °C and 35/25 °C. Higher temperatures reduced whole plant DM accumulation during grain filling. The reduction in DM accumulation was primarily related to a reduction in the period of time from 18 days post-silking until 100% leaf senescence and, to a limited extent, to a lower rate of whole plant DM production. Grain yield per plant was also lower under higher temperatures. The decreases in grain yield were almost entirely determined by a shorter duration of grain filling, while no temperature effect was observed on kernel growth rates or on kernel number per ear. During rapid grain filling, the increase in kernel DM results from utilization of a combination of assimilates temporarily stored in the vegetative plant parts and assimilates produced through current photosynthesis. Under the highest temperature regime, assimilates remobilized from other plant parts accounted for a greater proportion of kernel weight gain. In addition, there was an indication that higher night temperatures resulted in an increased proportion of gain in kernel weight resulting from remobilization of stored DM.Key words: Corn, temperature, grain-filling period, grain growth, yield components, leaf senescence

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF A MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) HYBRID

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. HUNTER ◽  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
C. M. BREUER
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Temperature Interaction ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

A single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid was grown to maturity in the four combinations of two temperatures, 20 and 30 C, and two photoperiods, 10 and 20 h, in controlled-environment growth cabinets. Measurements of dry weights of plant components were made at tassel initiation, mid-anthesis, mid-anthesis plus 16 days, and maturity. The longer photoperiod and cooler temperature treatment produced the highest final plant dry weight. Average daily dry matter (DM) production was greater for plants grown at the longer photoperiod. This could largely be attributed to a higher leaf area per plant. The duration of DM production was longer at the cooler temperature. Grain yields were higher under the lower temperature because of an increase in the length of the grain-filling period and because a greater proportion of the post-anthesis DM was allocated to the grain. The results of this study showed a significant photoperiod × temperature interaction for length of the grain-filling period, kernel number and grain yield. Post-anthesis DM accumulation did not appear to be a limiting factor for grain yield. The effects of temperature and photoperiod on length of the grain-filling period and grain yield may have been partly mediated through the size of the grain sink.

CO2-fixation enzymes in maize (Zea mays) and grain yield

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminia Loza-Tavera ◽  
Bernardo Serrano ◽  
José D. Molina ◽  
Ma. Luisa Ortega-Delgado ◽  
Estela Sanchez-de-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Agronomical Traits

Maize variety Zacatecas 58 (Z0), was used to select, after 12 cycles of mass selection for grain yield, an improved population (Z12). Some agronomical traits were characterized at the end of the selected period in both populations. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase (RuBPcase) activity, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase) activity, protein content, and chlorophyll content were measured in the leaves above the ear, throughout the grain filling period (from anthesis to 40 days afterwards). Various agronomical traits associated with increase in yield, such as length and diameter of ear, rows per ear, and kernels per row, were greater in the Z12 than in the Z0 population. Likewise, the Z12 population showed 50% more yield than Z0, although days to anthesis did not increase significantly. During the grain filling period the leaves of the Z12 population had more activity of RuBPcase but not PEPcase compared with the Z0 population. It is suggested that the higher level of RuBPcase activity observed in the Z12 population might be related to its improved grain yield.

HERITABILITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GRAIN-FILLING PERIOD, SEED WEIGHT AND QUALITY IN FORTY ITALIAN VARIETIES OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. PERENZIN ◽  
F. FERRARI ◽  
M. MOTTO
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Forty Italian open-pollinated varieties of corn (Zea mays L.), selected to represent a wide range of plant maturity and grain weight, were evaluated in 1977 and 1978 to determine genetic variances and heritabilities for length and rate of grain-filling period, kernel weight and three seed-quality traits and to examine relationships among these traits. The results showed highly significant genotypic differences and high heritability estimates for most of the traits studied. Moreover, kernel weight and rate of grain filling were found to be closely associated, although this relationship could not be statistically tested. A relatively high correlation was also detected between kernel weight and length of the grain-filling period. The increase in seed weight obtained through a delay in black-layer formation was associated with a higher grain moisture content and a decreased grain protein percentage. A further noteworthy finding of this study was the identification of two varieties which attained a large seed weight in a relatively short time through a very high rate of dry matter accumulation. The implications of these findings are discussed from a physiological and breeding point of view.

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