Instrument for Automatic Recording of Rainfall and Pan Evaporation

Recent commercial microscopes with internal microprocessor control of all major functions have already demonstrated some of the benefits anticipated from such systems, such as continuous magnification, rotation-free diffraction and magnification, automatic recording of mutually registered focal series, and fewer control knobs. Complete automation of the focusing, stigmating and alignment of a high resolution microscope, allowing focal series to be recorded at preselected focus values as well, is still imminent rather than accomplished, however; some kind of image pick-up and analysis system, fed with the electron image via a TV camera, is clearly essential for this, but several alternative systems and algorithms are still being explored. This paper reviews the options critically in turn, and stresses the need to consider alignment and focusing at an early stage, and not merely as an optional extension to a basic proposal.

Download Full-text

A system for automatic recording of fish tagged with coded acoustic transmitters

Fisheries Management and Ecology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2400.2000.007004281.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 281-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. B. Thorstad ◽

F. Økland ◽

D. Rowsell ◽

R. S. Mckinley

Keyword(s):

Automatic Recording

Download Full-text

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO EM ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NA PRIMAVERA

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2001v6n3p120-127 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 120-127

Author(s):

Reginaldo Ferreira Santos ◽

Antonio Evaldo Klar

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Pan Evaporation ◽

Spring Season ◽

Class A ◽

Agricultural Sciences ◽

E Mail ◽

Center Area ◽

Class A Pan

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO EM ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NA PRIMAVERA Reginaldo Ferreira SantosCentro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológica da UNIOESTE- CP 711CEP 858114-110, Cascavel, PR - Fone: 0XX45 2203155. E-mail: [email protected] Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica- UNESP - CEP 18603-970 - Botucatu, SP. CP: 237. E-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição da evaporação no interior de uma estufa plástica, com uma cultura de pimentão, através da variabilidade espacial e comparar a evaporação dos microevaporímetros com os valores do Tanque classe "A". O experimento foi conduzido no Campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - FCA/UNESP, no período de primavera, em estufa plástica de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Na distribuição da evaporação em estufa com orientação norte/sul, verificou-se que as maiores evaporações ocorreram nas extremidades sul e norte tendente ao lado oeste. Já as menores evaporações localizaram-se no centro. No período de primavera, a evaporação média nos microevaporímetros superestimou em 55% a evaporação determinada no Tanque classe "A". UNITERMOS: evaporação, geoestatística, estufa. SANTOS, R.F, KLAR, A.E. EVAPORATION DISTRIBUTION INSIDE A PLASTIC TUNNEL IN THE SPRING SEASON 2 ABSTRACT The main aim of this study was to verify the evaporation distribution inside a plastic tunnel, with pepper crop, oriented to north/south, through spatial variability and to compare Class A Pan evaporation to punctual evaporations of 40 equidistant microevaporimeters placed from 50cm the soil. The study was carried out at the College of Agricultural Sciences/UNESP, Botucatu – SP in the spring season. The highest evaporation occurred next to north and to south sides of the tunnel, with tendency to west. Consequently, the lowest evaporations occurred at the center area. The microevaporimeter evaporations were 55% higher than those obtained from Class A Pan. KEYWORDS: evaporation distribution, microevaporimeter.

Download Full-text

Automatic recording of the extinction curves of the absorption spectra

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19300120 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 120-128

Author(s):

R. Brdička ◽

M. Pavlík

Keyword(s):

Absorption Spectra ◽

Automatic Recording

Download Full-text

Multivariate modeling of pan evaporation in monthly temporal resolution using a hybrid evolutionary data-driven method (case study: Urmia Lake and Gavkhouni basins)

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ◽

10.1007/s10661-021-09060-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 193 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Emadi ◽

Sarvin Zamanzad-Ghavidel ◽

Sina Fazeli ◽

Soheila Zarei ◽

Ali Rashid-Niaghi

Keyword(s):

Temporal Resolution ◽

Urmia Lake ◽

Data Driven ◽

Multivariate Modeling ◽

Pan Evaporation

Download Full-text

Annual Actual Evapotranspiration Estimation via GIS Models of Three Empirical Methods Employing Remotely Sensed Data for the Peloponnese, Greece, and Comparison with Annual MODIS ET and Pan Evaporation Measurements

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi10080522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 522

Author(s):

Stavroula Dimitriadou ◽

Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

Gradual Decrease ◽

Actual Evapotranspiration ◽

Pan Evaporation ◽

Empirical Methods ◽

Remotely Sensed Data ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Class A ◽

Evapotranspiration Estimation ◽

Class A Pan

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) has been insufficiently investigated in Greece. This study aimed to estimate annual ETa by empirical methods (Turc, modified Turc, and Coutagne) for the Peloponnese, Greece, a Mediterranean testbed, between 2016–2019, four of the warmest years since the preindustrial era, and compare them to MODIS ET. Furthermore, measurements of annual pan evaporation (Epan) were performed for two Class A pan stations in the Peloponnese with different reliefs and conditions. The empirical methods and statistical formulae (RMSD, MB, and NMB) were developed as models in ArcMap. The outcomes of the Turc method resembled MODIS ET ranges for all years, followed by those of Coutagne. The estimates by the modified Turc method were almost identical to MODIS ET. Therefore, the modified Turc method can be used as an alternative to MODIS ET (and vice versa) for the Peloponnese for 2016–2019. Moreover, the Epan at Patras University station (semiurban, low elevation) exhibited an upward trend resembling the trends of the empirical methods over the study years, whereas the Epan at Ladonas station (higher elevation, lakeside) required investigation on a monthly time scale. Additionally, the gradual decrease of pan-water icing at Ladonas in December (from 20 d in 2016 to 0 d in 2019) could imply an undergoing decrease in snowpack storage retention across the mountains of the Peloponnese.

Download Full-text

Simulation of Pan-Evaporation Using Penman and Hamon Equations and Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 793

Author(s):

Abdul Razzaq Ghumman ◽

Mohammed Jamaan ◽

Afaq Ahmad ◽

Md. Shafiquzzaman ◽

Husnain Haider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Water Resources ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Pan Evaporation ◽

Estimation Of Parameters ◽

Inference System ◽

Daunting Task ◽

The Impact

The evaporation losses are very high in warm-arid regions and their accurate evaluation is vital for the sustainable management of water resources. The assessment of such losses involves extremely difficult and original tasks because of the scarcity of data in countries with an arid climate. The main objective of this paper is to develop models for the simulation of pan-evaporation with the help of Penman and Hamon’s equations, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and the Artificial Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The results from five types of ANN models with different training functions were compared to find the best possible training function. The impact of using various input variables was investigated as an original contribution of this research. The average temperature and mean wind speed were found to be the most influential parameters. The estimation of parameters for Penman and Hamon’s equations was quite a daunting task. These parameters were estimated using a state of the art optimization algorithm, namely General Reduced Gradient Technique. The results of the Penman and Hamon’s equations, ANN, and ANFIS were compared. Thirty-eight years (from 1980 to 2018) of manually recorded pan-evaporation data regarding mean daily values of a month, including the relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine duration, and temperature, were collected from three gauging stations situated in Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. The Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) evaluated the performance of pan-evaporation modeling techniques. The study shows that the ANFIS simulation results were better than those of ANN and Penman and Hamon’s equations. The findings of the present research will help managers, engineers, and decision makers to sustainability manage natural water resources in warm-arid regions.

Download Full-text