Formic acid treated whole crop barley and wheat silages in dairy cow diets: effects of crop maturity, proportion in the diet, and level and type of concentrate supplementation

Three trials in dairy cows were carried out to study the effects of replacing grass silage (GS) with wholecrop silage (WCS) made of barley (BS) or wheat (WS) harvested at dough stage with a dry matter (DM) concentration of 300-450 g kg-1. All silages were ensiled using a formic acid based additive 5 l t-1. Milk production responses to energy and protein supplementation of diets were studied. In Exp. 1, BS replaced GS at the rates of 0, 200, 400 or 600 g kg-1 forage DM. Also 10 kg of concentrate containing 0 or 2 kg of rape seed meal was fed. In Exp. 2, barley was harvested at three times (BS1, BS2, BS3) at one week intervals. Barley silages were fed as a mixture with GS (40:60) and in addition BS2 and GS alone. Silages were supplemented with a cereal based farm-made concentrate (FC) or a commercial compound having a lower concentration of starch than FC. In Exp. 3, barley and wheat were harvested at two week intervals, fed as a mixture with GS (40:60) and supplemented with low or high amount of concentrate. The fermentation quality of whole crop silages was good. Weather conditions and maturity affected the proportion of ear in the crop and subsequently the ratio of non-structural carbohydrates to NDF in the silage. The inclusion of WCS depressed diet OM digestibility depending on the digestibility of GS and the proportion of WCS in the diet. However, mixing GS and WCS did not depress intake. Subsequently the use of mixtures maintained or even increased milk yield as compared with GS diet in Exp. 2 and 3. In Exp. 1, higher proportions (400, 600 g kg-1) of BS decreased milk yield. Minor effects of growth stage on milk production were observed with barley whereas delaying wheat harvest increased milk yield. Different types and levels of concentrate induced mainly similar intake and milk yield responses with diets based on GS alone or on mixtures of GS and WCS. The synergistic effect of mixing GS and WCS was more positive in experiments where the protein concentration of concentrate was high (200 g kg-1 DM).;

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Effects of restriction of silage fermentation with formic acid on milk production

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960606779216290 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 200 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. JAAKKOLA ◽

M. RINNE ◽

T. HEIKKILÄ

Keyword(s):

Formic Acid ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Application Rate ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

High Rate ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Dietary Treatments

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of silage fermentation quality and type of supplementation on milk production. Thirty two Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Silage fermentation was modified with formic acid (FA), which was applied at the rates equivalent to 0 (FA0), 2 (FA2), 4 (FA4) or 6 (FA6) litres t-1 grass of pure formic acid (as 100% FA). Dietary treatments consisted of four silages, a protein supplementation (no supplement or rapeseed meal 1.8 kg d-1) and a glucogenic substrate (no supplement or propylene glycol 225 g d-1). Increasing the application rate of FA restricted silage fermentation curvilinearly, as evidenced by higher concentrations of ammonia N and butyric acid in FA4 than FA2 silage. Similarly the use of FA resulted in curvilinear changes in the silage dry matter intake and milk yield. The highest milk and protein yields were achieved with FA6, while the milk yield with FA2 was higher than with FA4. Interactions were observed between silage type and supplementation. Rapeseed meal increased milk yield irrespective of the extent of silage fermentation, but the magnitude of response was variable. Propylene glycol was most beneficial with restrictively fermented silages FA4 and FA6. In conclusion, restriction of silage fermentation with a high rate of formic acid is beneficial in milk production. Interactions between silage composition and concentrate types suggest that the responses to supplementary feeding depend on silage fermentation characteristics.;

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Milk yield responses by dairy cows in mid-lactation to changes in feeding levels

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9880447 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 447 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C Grainger

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Feeding Level ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

The Difference ◽

Daily Intakes ◽

Yield Responses ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

The reduction in milk production following a decrease in feeding level was compared with the increase in milk following an increase in feeding level of cows. Forty cows in their 5th month of lactation were allocated to 2 groups and offered either ad libitum pasture or restricted in their grazing so that, after 32 days, the difference in daily milk yield between the groups averaged 3 L/cow. Cows in each group were then offered cut pasture in stalls for 4 weeks to obtain mean daily intakes of either 14.4 or 10.2 kg DM/ cow The reduction in yield of milk energy (0.133 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following the decrease of intake from 14.4 to 10.2 kg DM/cow.day was similar to the increase in yield of milk energy (0.140 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following an increase in intake from 10.2 to 14.4 kg DM/cow.day. We conclude that, for cows in mid-lactation, the decrease in milk production following a decrease in feeding level is similar to the increase in milk production following an increase in feeding level. This implies that increases in milk production due to increased feeding can be predicted from experiments which measured reductions in milk production.

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The influence of cow genetic merit for milk production on response to level of concentrate supplementation in a grass based system

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200012163 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2003 ◽

pp. 57-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Dillon ◽

J. Kennedy ◽

P. Faverdin ◽

L. Delaby ◽

F. Buckley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Genetic Merit ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Holstein Friesian

Pre-1990 published responses to supplementation at pasture ranged from 0.4 to 0.6kg milk/kg concentrate fed. However since 1990 higher responses to concentrate supplementation at pasture have been published (Delaby 2001). The objective of this study was to determine if milk production responses of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows to concentrate supplementation at pasture are influenced by genetic merit (milk yield potential) in a spring calving grass based system of milk production.

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Simulating the effect of climate on star grass growth and quality and its capacity to support milk production in the tropical regions of Mexico

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20130987 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 1486-1493 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gilberto Yong Angel ◽

Vicente Celestino Pires Silveira ◽

Francisca Avilés Nova ◽

Octavio Alonso Castelán Ortega

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Production Systems ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Small Scale ◽

Data Set ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Grass Growth

The objective of the present study was to simulate the effect of the seasonal variation of climate on the nutritional value and dry matter yield of star grass and its capacity to support milk production alone or with concentrate supplementation in small-scale milk production systems in the tropical regions of Mexico. Two mathematical simulation models were used, the first model simulates the growth and yield of star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus), and the second model simulates the productive performance of dairy cows. Both models were integrated in a decision-making support system (DSSTROP). Model's predictions were validated by a calibration exercise for each data set from three experiments on the effect of concentrate supplementation on milk yield. The DSSTROP predictions and the results from the experiments were compared by regression analysis. The results suggest that the DSSTROP adequately predicts milk production (R2=0.74). The DSSTROP predictions suggest that milk production based solely on star grass may occur only between June to August. The highest milk yield (8.5kg cow-1 day-1) sustained solely on grass was achieved in June, followed by lower yields of <5kg cow-1 day-1 in July and August. Milk production without concentrates can be explained by the positive effects of the rain observed during June to August on grass growth, and to the fact that grass quality is best at the beginning of the rainy season. It is concluded that June to August is the best time of the year for milk production base solely on grass. It also was concluded that the use of large quantities of concentrates by farmers may be justified because milk production with star grass alone may not be possible especially during the dry season.

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The influence of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage offered in combination with three levels of concentrate supplementation on performance of lactating dairy cows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100006334 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 301-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

E. J. Smith ◽

A. R. Henderson ◽

J. D. Oldham ◽

D. A. Whitaker ◽

K. Aitchison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Milk Production ◽

Enzyme Preparation ◽

Latin Square ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Energy Output ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Concentrate Supplementation

AbstractThree silages were prepared from the primary growth of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward (dry matter (DM) 175 g/kg; crude protein 142 g/kg DM; water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) 243 g/kg DM). Herbage was wilted for 24 h and then treated with either an inoculant/enzyme preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici), formic acid applied at 4·2 lit (Add F, BP Chemicals) or no additive. Time series analysis of laboratory silages revealed that different patterns of fermentation had been achieved: formic acid treatment resulted in high levels of residual WSC and low levels of lactic acid, indicative of an inhibited fermentation, whilst treatment with the inoculant/enzyme preparation resulted in high levels of lactic acid with a low level of residual sugars, as expected with an enhanced fermentation. Analysis of the material ‘as fed’ showed that losses in the WSC content of the formic acid-treated silage had occurred in the clamp. Secondary fermentation of lactic to acetic acid was apparent in the untreated silage, but not in the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage. Digestibility, as determined using Greyface wether lambs, was marginally higher for both additive treatments when compared with the untreated silage. An evaluation of the silages for milk production was carried out at three levels of concentrate supplementation using 18 Ayrshire × British Friesian cows in a replicated 3×3 Latin-square design experiment. Treatment with formic acid resulted in significantly higher DM intakes, but this was not reflected in milk energy output. Cows offered the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage partitioned energy away from milk production toward body tissue deposition (average milk yields 19·9, 19·9 and 15·2 kg/day, and weight gain 0·26, 0·38 and 0·81 kg/day for the untreated, formic acid and inoculant/enzyme-treated silages respectively). The reason for this is not clear, but it is postulated that microbial capture of degraded nitrogen may have been impaired with the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage, resulting in an imbalance in metabolizable protein: metabolizable energy.

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The Effect of Different Levels of Protein Supplementation in Rations on Feed Consumption, Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Anatolian Buffaloes of Different Ages [Bubalus Bubalis (Iinnaeus, 1758)].

10.21203/rs.3.rs-599588/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Taşkın DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Bubalus Bubalis ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Group 4 ◽

Different Ages ◽

Yield Values

Abstract BackgroundIn this study, it was aimed to determine the optimal crude protein level in the ration for milk production and milk composition in milk buffaloes of different ages.Materials, Methods & Results A total of 20 Anatolian buffaloes were used as animal material.Buffalo cows were tested in the early lactation period (lactation period; 65-80 days).Water buffaloes are divided into four groups as young and adult; First, second groups (those who gave birth to the first), third and fourth groups (those who gave birth to the second and more).5 compartments are allocated for each group.In the trial, buffalo cows with two different trial rations R1; (17.82% CP) and R2; (19.18% CP) were fed.Especially during the experiment, the total DM consumption of adult buffaloes in group 4 and group 3 increased when compared with young buffaloes (p <0.05). As a result of the research, the milk yield values determined in milk buffaloes fed with the R2 ration were found to be higher than the values found in milk buffaloes fed with the R1 ration (6.34-5.64kg / day) (p <0.05).However, the effect of R1 and R2 rations on milk production was similar in young buffaloes (4.22-4.36 kg / day) (p> 0.05).

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The effects of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on food intake, diet digestibility and milk production of crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus)

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100036783 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 183-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. Khalili ◽

T. Varvikko ◽

S. Crosse

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Crossbred Cows ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Forage Type

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on forage intake, diet digestibility and milk production. Twenty-four crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus), in early lactation, were allocated to the following six dietary treatments: native grass hay (H) or oat-vetch hay (OV), offered ad libitum, and supplemented with either 0, 2·5 or 5·0 kg per cow per day of a wheat-middling-based concentrate. A four-period, partially balanced, change-over design was used and the treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial.The daily dry-matter (DM) intake was 640 g (P < 0·001) higher with cows on (H) diets compared with those on OV diets. However, OV diets were more digestible (0·675 v. 0·566, P < 0·001) resulting in 800 g higher (P < 0·05) daily intake of digestible DM. The daily milk yield was 1·24 kg higher (P < 0·001) for cows on OV diets compared with H diets. Milk fat concentration was higher (P < 0·05), but milk protein concentration was lower (P < 0·001) with H diets. The rates of rumen degradation of DM and nitrogen of OV were higher than of H for all incubation periods; similarly the values of the rate constant of DM and nitrogen were greater for OV than for H.The daily DM intake increased by 3·72 kg/day (P < 0·001), when the amount of concentrate increased from 0 to 5·0 kg/day, indicating a minor substitution of basal forage by concentrate. The apparent DM digestibilities of the diets were higher when the diets were supplemented with concentrates. The milk yield increased linearly (P < 0·001), when the level of concentrate supplement increased from 0 to 5 kg, resulting in 0·52 kg more milk per day per kg additional concentrate given.

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The effects of forage type (maize-lablab or oat-vetch) and level of supplementation (wheat-middlings) on food intake, diet apparent digestibility, purine excretion and milk production of crossbred (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) cows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100007248 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 321-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. Khalili ◽

P. O. Osuji ◽

N. Umunna ◽

S. Crosse

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

Wheat Middlings ◽

Forage Type

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of forage type and level of concentrate supplementation on forage intake, diet apparent digestibility, purine excretion and milk production. Twelve crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus), in early lactation, were allocated to the following six dietary treatments: maize-lablab forage (ML) or oat-vetch forage (OV), offered ad libitum, and supplemented with either 0, 2·5 or 5·0 kg per cow per day of a supplement (wheat middlings). A four-period, partially balanced, change-over design was used and the treatments were arranged as 2 × 3 factorial.Mean organic matter (OM) intake was 670 g higher with cows on ML-based diets compared with those on OV-based diets (P <0·02). The apparent digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were similar for cows given ML- or OV-based diets but the apparent digestibility of OM was higher for ML diets (P <0·05). Values of the degradation parameters (a, b and c) of DM and NDF were greater for ML forage than for the OV forage. Forage type did not affect daily milk yield nor excretion of purine derivatives in urine used to estimate microbial-nitrogen supply (P >0·05). The concentration of milk fat and total solids in the milk were similar for the two forage types offered but the concentration of milk protein was slightly higher for the cows given ML-based diets (P <0·05).Daily OM intake increased by 3·75 and 2·70 kg per cow per day (P <0·001) respectively, when the amount of concentrate increased from 0 to 5·0 kg per cow per day for the ML- and OV-based diets. The CP apparent digestibilities of the diets were higher when the diets were supplemented with concentrates but there was no effect of supplementation on the apparent digestibilities of OM and NDF. The supply of microbial-nitrogen increased linearly with increasing level of concentrate supplementation (P <0·05). Milk yield increased linearly when the level of concentrate supplement increased from 0 to 5 kg (P <0·001), resulting in 0·39 and 0·29 kg more milk per day per kg additional concentrate given in cows on ML and OV, respectively. There was also a tendency for a quadratic effect (P <0·12), especially with ML diets, showing that when the level of concentrate increased from 0 to 2·5 or from 2·5 to 5·0 kg/day, the milk yield increased respectively by 0·62 and 0·15 kg/day per kg additional concentrate given.

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The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055259 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

R. H. Phipps ◽

J. D. Sutton ◽

D. E. Beever ◽

A. K. Jones

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

Crop Maturity

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 20-week continuous design study to determine the effect of maize silage maturity on food intake and milk production. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was harvested and ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230 (T23), 280 (T28), 330 (T33) and 380 (T38) g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile-corrected DM (VCDM), starch, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein and predicted metabolizable energy (ME) content of the four maize silages were 226, 290, 302 and 390 g/kg FW, 114, 274, 309 and 354 g/kg VCDM, 574, 447, 431 and 448 g/kg VCDM, 96, 80, 74 and 75 g/kg VCDM and 10·3, 11·5, 11·6 and 11·2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Grass silage containing 296 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. At week 3 of lactation cows were allocated to one of five forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were either grass silage alone (TGS) or a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize and grass silage designated as T23, T28, T33 and T38. All cows also received 8·7 kg DM per day of a dairy concentrate. Forage VCDM intake for TGS was lower (P < 0·001) than for T23 to T38. Increasing maize silage DM content from 226 (T23) to 290 (T28) g/kg increased (P < 0·05) forage VCDM intake from 10·9 to 13·3 kg/day but a further increase to 390 (T38) g/kg tended to reduce VCDM intake. When compared with TGS, the inclusion of maize silage increased milk yield from 28·0 kg/day to 29·4, 32·7, 33·0 and 30·8 kg/day for T23 to T38, respectively, the increases being significant for T28 to T38. However, milk yield was reduced (P < 0·05) when the DM content of the maize silage increased from 302 to 390 g/kg. Increasing maize silage DM content from T23 to T33 reduced (P < 0·05) milk fat content from 45·8 to 41·8 g/kg, which was also lower (P < 0·05) than for TGS. The inclusion of maize silage increased fat yield with a significant difference (P < 0·05) between TGS and T28. The inclusion of maize silage increased milk protein content (P < 0·05) and protein yield (P < 0·001) when compared with TGS. While increasing maize silage maturity did not affect (P > 0·05) milk protein content, protein yield was higher (P < 0·05) for the two intermediate DM contents. There were no treatment effects on body condition score. It is concluded that the changes in composition of maize silage with increasing maturity, which are associated with increased starch and reduced NDF content, resulted in large increases in food intake and yield of milk and protein as crops matured from T23 to T33. However, when crop maturity increased further to T38 there was a tendency for DM intake and yield of milk and protein to decline.

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Responses to grain feeding by grazing dairy cows

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea97087 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 541 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. C. Robaina ◽

C. Grainger ◽

P. Moate ◽

J. Taylor ◽

J. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Difference Method ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Sampling Techniques ◽

Grazing Dairy Cows ◽

Yield Responses

Summary. Two experiments were conducted on feeding grain supplements to dairy cows during summer. In experiment 1, dairy cows in mid–late lactation were offered one of 2 pasture allowances (about 20 and 40 kg DM/cow.day) with and without a supplement of a grain mix (5 kg of a 70 : 30 mixture of barley and lupins). This experiment was conducted twice over 2 consecutive summer–autumn periods (years 1 and 2). Milk yields were higher at the high pasture allowance and with grain feeding. The marginal response to grain feeding (kg milk/kg grain DM consumed) was 0.7 at both pasture allowances in year 1, and 1.1 and 0.8 at the low and high pasture allowance, respectively, in year 2. Diet had no significant effect on milk composition. Pasture intake was reduced by supplementary feeding and the level of substitution depended on pasture allowance. The alkane-based and sward sampling techniques were used to estimate pasture intake and diet digestibility. Estimates of pasture substitution, based on measurements made with the alkane technique, were 0.3 and 0.6 kg DM reduction in pasture/kg DM grain consumed at the low and high pasture allowance, respectively, in both years. In year 1, the pasture substitution measured with the pasture difference method was 1 kg pasture DM/kg grain DM at both pasture allowances. In year 2, estimates of substitution calculated using the pasture difference method were 0.2 and 0.5 kg pasture DM/kg grain DM at the low and high pasture allowance respectively. In the second experiment (year 3), the effects of level of feeding barley on pasture intake, diet digestibility and milk production were measured during summer. The 4 levels of grain consumed were 0, 1.8, 3.4 and 6.7 kg barley DM/cow. day. Higher grain intake resulted in higher milk yield, higher protein concentration and yields of fat, protein and lactose. Milk yield responses per kilogram of barley diminished from 1.6 at the low barley intake to 0.8 kg milk/kg barley DM at the highest barley intake. It is suggested that higher levels of substitution and a potentially less efficient use of grain contributed to the poorer production responses at higher levels of grain feeding.

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