The Cost of Barriers to Entry: Evidence from the Market for Corporate Euro Bond Underwriting

Employment preservation and textile regulation in early modern England, 1550–1640

Journal of Institutional Economics ◽

10.1017/s1744137421000187 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

John H. Gendron

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Institutional Structure ◽

Regulatory Change ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

Glorious Revolution ◽

Structure Changes ◽

Local Officials ◽

The Glorious Revolution ◽

The Cost

Abstract Much agreement exists among economic historians that an institutional structure which allows for broad participation in a country's economy is conducive to growth. With respect to England's institutional structure, changes that followed the Glorious Revolution of 1688 are given pride of place in recent literature. This article contributes to this literature by highlighting and explaining regulatory change that removed barriers to entry into the country's most vital industry, textiles, in the years between 1550 and 1640. However, although economic historians have tended to explain England's growth-facilitating institutions as arising abruptly through political revolution that placed constraints on the Crown, this article will elucidate change that was protracted, accretive, peaceful, and came through royal institutions. More specifically, this article argues that restrictive regulations, which were widely supported, were removed because Crown and Council, in consultation with local officials, recognized that enforcement would come at the cost of the greater priority of employment preservation.

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Recognizing barriers to entry of biosimilars in the United States market and highlighting the solutions

Journal of Generic Medicines The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector ◽

10.1177/1741134320972155 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 174113432097215

Author(s):

Arpit Bana ◽

Priti J Mehta

Keyword(s):

Patent Protection ◽

Reference Product ◽

Market Competition ◽

The United States ◽

Living Cells ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

The Us ◽

The Government ◽

The Cost ◽

The U.S

Drugs that are procured from living cells and are used to treat acute and chronic diseases are called biologics, whereas biosimilars are the drugs which are highly similar but not identical to the original reference product. The main advantage of these drugs is that they are highly targeted with great therapeutic activity and can be used for multiple indications. Despite all the advantages biologics are still extremely costly. The main purpose of developing and introducing biosimilars was and is to increase market competition leading to a decrease in the cost of the biologics. However, until now the cost of the treatment has not decreased in the US market because there are many barriers to the entry of biosimilar in the US market which are discussed in this article. In this article, we argue that the barrier or hurdle in the US market entry of the biosimilars is not only limited to patent protection or exclusivity but other less discussed barriers are also there which are to be discussed. Due to these barriers till June 10, 2020, only 9 biosimilars are available commercially in the US market out of the 27 biosimilars approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We argue that the introduction of these biosimilars in the US market is essential for increasing market competition and thus decreasing the overall treatment cost for both the government and the payers. In this article, we are also providing perspective on the possible solutions to reduce these barriers and to encourage the entry of biosimilar in the US market.

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Can Search Engine Advertising Help Access Rare Samples?

International Journal of Market Research ◽

10.2501/ijmr-53-4-523-540 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 523-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Daniel Nunan ◽

Simon Knox

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Search Engine ◽

Online Survey ◽

Internet Survey ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

Online Data ◽

Consumer Responses ◽

Alternative Means ◽

General Reliability ◽

The Cost

In the last decade, there has been an explosion in the use of online survey tools. Online data collection tools have lowered the cost of data collection and removed barriers to entry for carrying out research. While a number of questions have been raised about the general reliability of internet survey research, one specific use of the web for survey work has been in reaching niche populations that are difficult to access using traditional survey tools – so-called ‘rare samples’. In this paper, we present an approach to accessing such hard-to-reach populations using search engine pay-per-click (PPC) advertising. We carried out a study that makes uses of PPC advertising on search engines as an alternative means of developing a sample for a hard-to-reach group of health consumers. Based on a sample of 466 consumer responses, we discuss the effectiveness of this technique for reaching such rare populations.

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Ocena konkurencyjności spółdzielni mleczarskich

Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej ◽

10.22630/eiogz.2004.52.4 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 47-62

Author(s):

Artur Kowalczyk ◽

Mirosław Wasilewski

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

Milk Processing ◽

Competitive Strength ◽

Competitive Activity ◽

Powder Milk ◽

Group A ◽

Sour Cream ◽

Dairy Cooperatives ◽

The Cost

The study presents the comparative analysis of competitiveness' level of dairy cooperatives, which exports their products to the UE market and cooperatives from Świętokrzyskie province, which are not entitled to the export to the UE market. Cooperatives exporting their products to the UE market (group A) in the years 1998-2001 showed the increase of milk processing while in cooperatives from Świętokrzyskie province the decrease ensued. The cooperatives from group A were also characterized by three times higher level of average delivery of milk as well as the share in the purchase of extra class milk. In 2001 cooperatives Świętokrzyskie province incurred loss while group A cooperatives achieved increasing significant profit. The competitive strength of milk · deliverers is larger in a group of cooperatives in Świętokrzyskie province because those cooperatives do not achieve the cost advantage for the sake of the low concentration of the production. The biggest threat to dairy cooperatives is in the buyers' strong influence on the volume of sale and in buyers' possibility to change a cooperative delivering them dairy products. The level of competition's intensity in the scope of products offered by cooperatives was similar, highest in the case of milk, cheese, sour and sour cream and lowest in case of powder milk and butter. The necessity of covering large capital needs as well as difficulties in access to distribution channels were described as largest barriers to entry and considerable small barrier is the competitive activity of already existing enterprises. In the opinion of cooperatives' managers the possibility of appearing new substitutes of dairy products, except for butter, is low.

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COMPETITION AS AN ENGINE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH PRODUCER HETEROGENEITY

Macroeconomic Dynamics ◽

10.1017/s136510051400042x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 362-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Jensen

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Returns To Scale ◽

Aggregate Productivity ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

Aggregate Level ◽

Economic Growth And Development ◽

High Productivity ◽

The Cost

When producers are heterogeneous, the degree of competition between them affects aggregate output not only via markups and deadweight losses, but also through aggregate productivity due to specialization. As competition tightens, high-productivity producers gain market share at the cost of low-productivity ones, generating economic growth through increased aggregate productivity and capital accumulation, in line with what is observed empirically. Consequently, competition is not limited to reducing deadweight losses, and can play a greater role in economic growth and development than traditionally assumed. Economic growth spurs profits, which leads to entry and increased competition that generates growth, so competition provides a channel through which the economy generates growth internally. When strong enough, this channel can make the returns to scale in the inputs that the economy accumulates endogenously go from being decreasing to nondecreasing at the aggregate level, thus enabling endogenous growth. In fact, these returns to scale are determined endogenously in our model, and vary with the scale of production, the degree of producer heterogeneity, and the barriers to entry.

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Barriers to Entry and Market Entry Decisions in Consumer and Industrial Goods Markets

Journal of Marketing ◽

10.1177/002224298905300206 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 80-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Fahri Karakaya ◽

Michael J. Stahl

Keyword(s):

Product Differentiation ◽

Market Entry ◽

Capital Requirements ◽

Entry Barriers ◽

Barriers To Entry ◽

Customer Switching ◽

Industrial Markets ◽

The Cost ◽

Model Market ◽

Entry Decisions

The authors test six market entry barriers in consumer and industrial markets: cost advantages of incumbents, product differentiation of incumbents, capital requirements, customer switching costs, access to distribution channels, and government policy. They model market entry decisions of 137 executives in 49 major U.S. corporations with a decision-making instrument consisting of 32 market entry opportunities. Each respondent's decisions are modeled by regression analysis. The differences in the importance of the six market entry barriers for early and late entry in consumer and industrial goods markets are investigated. The results indicate that marketing executives consider all six barriers in making market entry decisions. The cost advantages of incumbents are considered to be the most important of the market entry barriers. Major differences also are discovered among the other five barriers. Furthermore, the importance of the barriers differs between consumer and industrial goods markets.

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The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165525 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 612-613

Author(s):

James F. Mancuso

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Image Acquisition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Financial Applications ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Instrument Control ◽

The Cost ◽

Training And Support ◽

Control Image ◽

Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

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New Feasible Concepts of Aberration Correction for Realizing High-Resolution Electron Microscopes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100179762 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 202-203

Author(s):

H. Rose

Keyword(s):

Spherical Aberration ◽

Wave Length ◽

Electron Wave ◽

Optical Lens ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Rotationally Symmetric ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

The Cost ◽

Imaging Performance ◽

Acceleration Voltage

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.

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