The Impact of Trading on the Costs and Benefits of the Acid Rain Program

The perspective that dependence on vertical trade partners should be avoided has been countered recently by the view that there are advantages to strong ties between firms. The author offers a framework from which trade partners can assess the potential costs and benefits of trade relationships and empirically investigates the impact of trade relationships on the firm's ability to realize performance goals.

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Impacto que genera la investigación de mercados en la toma de decisiones por la gerencia

ECA Sinergia ◽

10.33936/eca_sinergia.v9i2.1294 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Jairo Isaac Mendoza García ◽

Mercedes Véliz Valencia

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

At Risk ◽

Key Words ◽

Market Research ◽

Previous Analysis ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Toma De Decisiones ◽

The Impact

La investigación de mercados resulta beneficiosa en diversas situaciones; sin embargo, la decisión de realizarla no es automática, esta decisión debe sustentarse en consideraciones previas de muchos aspectos, entre los cuales se puede mencionar, la comparación entre costos y beneficios, los recursos disponibles para realizarla y para llevarla a la práctica, así como la actitud de la gerencia hacia su realización. Por lo cual, debería efectuarse cuando el valor de la información que se genera, supera los costos de llevarla a cabo. Cuanto más importante sea la decisión frente a la que se enfrenta la administración y mayor sea la incertidumbre o el riesgo que ésta implica, mayor será el valor de la información obtenida. La investigación de mercados, suele realizarse, por empresas comerciales que son organizaciones independientes (proveedores externos) o departamentos dentro de las corporaciones (proveedores internos). La motivación en las utilidades en ocasiones hace que los investigadores o los clientes pongan en riesgo la objetividad o profesionalismo asociados con el proceso. Como investigadores, esto despierta nuestro interés y mediante encuestas realizadas en varias empresas dentro de la provincia de Manabí, se pretende dar a conocer el impacto que genera la investigación de mercados en la toma de decisiones por la gerencia, es decir, una vez realizado un análisis previo de la situación de la empresa, cuán importante es aplicar o no aplicar la investigación de mercados. Palabras clave: Planificación, análisis, empresas, consumidores, competencia, estrategias. ABSTRACT Market research is beneficial in various situations; however, the decision to make it is not automatic, this decision must be based on previous considerations of many aspects, among which we can mention, the comparison between costs and benefits, the resources available to carry it out and to put it into practice, as well as the attitude of management towards its realization. Therefore, it should be done when the value of the information generated, exceeds the costs of carrying it out. The more important the decision faced by management and the greater the uncertainty or the risk involved, the greater the value of the information obtained. Market research is usually carried out by commercial companies that are independent organizations (external suppliers) or departments within corporations (internal suppliers). Motivation in profits sometimes causes researchers or clients to put at risk the objectivity or professionalism associated with the process. As researchers, this arouses our interest and through surveys carried out in several companies within the province of Manabí, it aims to publicize the impact that generates the market research in decision making by the management, namely, once a previous analysis of the situation of the company, how important it is to apply or not to apply market research. Key words: Planning, analysis, companies, consumers, competition, strategies.

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Theoretical Framework and Models

Who Votes Now? ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691159348.003.0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Jan E. Leighley ◽

Jonathan Nagler

Keyword(s):

Voter Turnout ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Demographic Characteristic ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

The Impact

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework that guides the analyses and discussions of the determinants of voter turnout. It adopts a model of turnout that poses an individual's decision to vote as a reflection of the costs and benefits of engaging in such behavior. Then, for each presidential election year since 1972, it estimates turnout as a function of demographic characteristics of interest. These estimates allow us to estimate the impact of one demographic characteristic (such as income) on turnout while holding other demographic characteristics (such as education and race) constant. These estimates are referred to as “conditional” relationships. The findings suggest that the conditional relationships between education and turnout, and income and turnout (i.e., conditional income bias) have been relatively stable (or modestly reduced) since 1972. Important changes in the conditional relationships between age, race, gender, and turnout have also been observed.

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On the Association between Donor-Imposed Financial Inflexibility and Future Donations to Charitable Organizations

Journal of Management Accounting Research ◽

10.2308/jmar-50900 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 63-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Krishnamurthy Surysekar ◽

Elizabeth H. Turner ◽

Clark M. Wheatley

Keyword(s):

Organizational Performance ◽

Managerial Discretion ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Charitable Organizations ◽

Financial Flexibility ◽

Negative Relation ◽

For Profit ◽

Not For Profit ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT We address the impact of financial flexibility on organizational performance in a not-for-profit (NFP) setting. Specifically, we examine the link between donor-imposed financial inflexibility and subsequent donations. Donors sometimes impose restrictions on NFP use of the donated resources. These restrictions arise because of donors' preferences regarding how the assets are used, or as a mechanism for donors to monitor the actions of NFP management. Restricted donations cause financial inflexibility and limit managerial discretion. We examine the costs and benefits of restricting managerial discretion and find a negative relation between future donations and high levels of donor restriction. Specifically, we empirically demonstrate that when restricted assets comprise a high percentage of total assets, additional increases in restricted assets are associated with an overall reduction in future donations.

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Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

Theoretical Foundations and Discussions on the Reformation Process in Local Governments - Advances in Public Policy and Administration ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0317-0.ch006 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 140-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Filipe Teles ◽

Pekka Kettunen

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Research Agenda ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Common Phenomenon ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Negative Side ◽

Provision Of Services ◽

Negative Side Effects ◽

The Impact ◽

Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

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Data centers as the backbone of smart cities: principal considerations for the study of facility costs and benefits

Facilities ◽

10.1108/f-09-2019-0103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Patrick T.I. Lam ◽

Daniel Lai ◽

Chi-Kin Leung ◽

Wenjing Yang

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Real Estate ◽

Data Center ◽

Data Centers ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Content Type ◽

Cost And Benefit ◽

Mission Critical ◽

The Impact

Purpose As smart cities flourish amidst rapid urbanization and information and communication technology development, the demand for building more and more data centers is rising. This paper aims to examine the principal issues and considerations of data center facilities from the cost and benefit dimensions, with an aim to illustrate the approaches for maximizing the net benefits and remain “green.” Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive literature review informs the costs and benefits of data center facilities, and through a case study of a developer in Hong Kong, the significance of real estate costs is demonstrated. Findings Major corporations, establishments and governments need data centers as a mission critical facility to enable countless electronic transactions to take place any minute of the day. Their functional importance ranges from health, transport, payment, etc., all the way to entertainment activities. Some enterprises own them, whilst others use data center services on a co-location basis, in which case data centers are regarded as an investment asset. Real estate costs affect their success to a great extent, as in the case of a metropolitan where land cost forms a substantial part of the overall development cost for data centers. Research limitations/implications As the financial information of data center projects are highly sensitive due to the competitive status of the industry, a full set of numerical data is not available. Instead, the principles for a typical framework are established. Originality/value Data centers are very energy intensive, and their construction is usually fast tracked costing much to build, not to mention the high-value equipment contents housed therein. Their site locations need careful selection due to stability and security concerns. As an essential business continuity tool, the return on investment is a complex consideration, but certainly the potential loss caused by any disruption would be a huge amount. The life cycle cost and benefit considerations are revealed for this type of mission-critical facilities. Externalities are expounded, with emphasis on sustainable issues. The impact of land shortage for data center development is also demonstrated through the case of Hong Kong.

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Do costs and benefits of children matter for religious people? Perceived consequences of parenthood and fertility intentions in Poland

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932020000280 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Christoph Bein ◽

Monika Mynarska ◽

Anne H. Gauthier

Keyword(s):

Fertility Intentions ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Religious People ◽

Polish Version ◽

Perceived Consequences ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

Perceived Costs

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the positive relationship between religiosity and fertility from the perspective of perceived consequences of parenthood. Previous studies in Germany have found that highly religious people ascribe higher benefits and lower costs to having children. Furthermore, the impact of costs and benefits on fertility is less pronounced among the highly religious. This study tested these mechanisms for fertility intentions and in the context of Poland – a country with a low fertility rate and high religiosity in comparison to other European countries. A sample of 4892 men and women of childbearing age from the second wave of the Polish version of the Generations and Gender Survey conducted in 2014/2015 was used. First, the extent to which perceived costs and benefits mediate the impact of religiosity on fertility intentions was analysed. Second, whether religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs and benefits on fertility intentions was investigated. The results show that part of the positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions can be explained by more-religious people seeing higher benefits of having children. Furthermore, but only in the case of women, religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs on fertility intentions, suggesting that the effect of perceived costs decreases with increasing religiosity.

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Benefits and Costs of Animal Virulence for Microbes

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00863-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Arturo Casadevall ◽

Liise-anne Pirofski

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Vantage Point ◽

Animal Disease ◽

Microbial Pathogenesis ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Microbial World ◽

Microbial Survival ◽

The Impact ◽

Benefits And Costs

ABSTRACT This essay is written from the vantage point of the microbial world. While the focus of much thought in the microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases fields has been on the impact of host-microbe interaction on the host, here we ask questions about what happens to the microbe. What are the costs and benefits for microbes of having the capacity for virulence? Our exploration of this topic leads us to conclude that virulence confers very few benefits for microbes, unless disease is necessary for microbial survival through host-to-host spread. In fact, the capacity for virulence is often fraught with risk for microbes, including host dependence and the threat of extinction. The costs of virulence may explain why, relative to their enormous numbers in nature, very few microbes are actually associated with human and animal disease.

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