How Rapidly Do the Road Fatality Rates of 37 Countries Converge Over Time?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sang Chang ◽  
Sung Jun Jo
Keyword(s):  
The Road ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
Yu Sang Chang ◽  
Sung Jun Jo

Background: Road crashes kill about 1.3 million people worldwide every year and severely injure an estimated 50 million. This paper examined two associated questions of convergence as to whether countries with initially high fatality rates tend to improve faster catch-up. Also, it was examined whether dispersion of road fatality rates among countries decreased over time. Methods: Using γ convergence and σ convergence, a total of 37 countries with reliable fatality data from 1994 to 2015 were analyzed. Common measures of dispersion include the standard deviation or coefficient of variation. For σ convergence, coefficient of variation was selected. Results: Results indicate that statistically valid patterns of convergence toward both catch-up effect and reduction of dispersion exist for the total group of countries. However, a wide variation in the pattern and speed of convergence was discovered for the subgroups of countries categorized by income level and regions. Conclusion: Convergence method helps to identify the most appropriate reference group for a given country in planning future goals for improving road fatality rate and catch-up speed. The findings from this research indicate that the speed of catch-up among different subgroups of countries varied.


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Durga Prasad Khanal ◽  
Urmila Pyakurel ◽  
Tanka Nath Dhamala

 Network flow over time is an important area for the researcher relating to the traffic assignment problem. Transmission times of the vehicles directly depend on the number of vehicles entering the road. Flow over time with fixed transit times can be solved by using classical (static) flow algorithms in a corresponding time expanded network which is not exactly applicable for flow over time with inflow dependent transit times. In this paper we discuss the time expanded graph for inflow-dependent transit times and non-existence of earliest arrival flow on it. Flow over time with inflow-dependent transit times are turned to inflow-preserving flow by pushing the flow from slower arc to the fast flow carrying arc. We gave an example to show that time horizon of quickest flow in bow graph GB was strictly smaller than time horizon of any inflow-preserving flow over time in GB satisfying the same demand. The relaxation in the modified bow graph turns the problem into the linear programming problem.


2016 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Germán Silva

This paper considers the effect of income on the risk of having the first births in Sweden from 1968 to 2009. Variations by gender are given particular atention. The study follows men and women from the moment they turn 18 until they enter parenthood and it is based on register-based data covering the entire population of Sweden. Complementary log-log models show that there is a positive association between income and the risk of childbearing. The association gets stronger over time and the differences between men and women diminish. Gender differences appear when the income effect is related to the demand for work in the economy. An income above the median does not increase the risk of childbearing for women when the demand for work is relatively high.


Author(s):  
Ronald Schroeter ◽  
Alessandro Soro ◽  
Andry Rakotonirainy

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) encompass sensing technologies, wireless communication, and intelligent algorithms, and resemble the infrastructure for ubiquitous computing in the car. This chapter borrows from social media, locative media, mobile technologies, and urban informatics research to explore three classes of ITS applications in which human behavior plays a more pivotal role. Applications for enhancing self-awareness could positively influence driver behavior, both in real-time and over time. Additionally, tools capable of supporting our social awareness while driving could change our attitude towards others and make it easier and safer to share the road. Lastly, a better urban awareness in and outside the car improves our understanding of the road infrastructure as a whole. As a case study, the authors discuss emotion recognition (emotions such as aggressiveness and anger are a major contributing factor to car crashes) and a suitable basis and first step towards further exploring the three levels of awareness, self-, social-, and urban-awareness, in the context of driving on roads.


2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Braithwaite ◽  
Natalie Taylor ◽  
Robyn Clay-Williams ◽  
Hsuen P Ting ◽  
Gaston Arnolda

Abstract This final article in our 12-part series articulating a suite of quality improvement studies completes our report on the Deepening our Understanding of Quality in Australia (DUQuA) program of work. Here, we bring the Supplement’s key findings and contributions together, tying up loose ends. Traversing the DUQuA articles, we first argued the case for the research, conducted so that an in-depth analysis of one country’s health system, completed 5 years after the landmark Deepening our Understanding of Quality Improvement in Europe (DUQuE), was available. We now provide a digest of the learning from each article. Essentially, we have contributed an understanding of quality and safety activities in 32 of the largest acute settings in Australia, developed a series of scales and tools for use within Australia, modifiable for other purposes elsewhere, and provided a platform for future studies of this kind. Our main message is, despite the value of publishing an intense study of quality activities in 32 hospitals in one country, there is no gold standard, one-size-fits-all methodology or guarantee of success in quality improvement activities, whether the initiatives are conducted at departmental, organization-wide or whole-of-systems levels. Notwithstanding this, armed with the tools, scales and lessons from DUQuA, we hope we have provided many more options and opportunities for others going about strengthening their quality improvement activities, but we do not claim to have solved all problems or provided a definitive approach. In our view, quality improvement initiatives are perennially challenging, and progress hard-won. Effective measurement, evaluating progress over time, selecting a useful suite of quality methods and having the persistence to climb the improvement gradient over time, using all the expertise and tools available, is at the core of the work of quality improvement and will continue to be so.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-57
Author(s):  
Mark A. Chinen

A few years ago I visited Nicaragua as part of a program sponsored by my university. We traveled by bus to the coffee country outside of Matagalpa and met with members of the Union of Organized Women of Yasica Sur, in a community center the women had built in a hollow beside the road. The president of the group described how thirty years ago, she and a small group of women organized to improve the supply of drinking water for their children. Over time, the women moved from providing water to providing schools and bridges, and then affordable medical care and medicines. The organization now has about one thousand members and is one of the most effective in the region. Yet the needs are still great.Many of the women had walked for over an hour in their best clothes to visit with us. As we listened to them, I heard also my aunts and grandmothers, who did not look so very different from these women, who were just as smart, determined and hard-working, and whose lives were not so very different, except their crop was not coffee: it was sugarcane and pineapple. The sense of connection was shortlived, however. There was a question-and-answer period, and the president asked us what we did at home. One of my colleagues shared she was an environmental engineer, who specialized in lakes. The president smiled and said, “We could use you here.” Then I told her I taught international law. The president listened for the translation, regarded me and said, “I am not educated. Your work is too high for me.” So much for my solidarity with the Union of Organized Women of Yasica Sur.


Author(s):  
Susan Signe Morrison

      To show the intellectual roots of environmental citizenship, this essay transverses literary and ecological paths by focusing on medieval pilgrimage poems. While design seems integral to the concept of pilgrimage—wayfaring from one’s home to a sacred shrine—in actuality pilgrims not infrequently wandered from the official path. Contingency, rather than randomness, acts as a dynamic agent in affecting the meanderings of the pilgim-walker.Pilgrimage practice entailed reading the landscape through slow walking. Slow pilgrimage manifests itself in major ways: the slow change in the vernacular language of fourteenth-century pilgrimage poems; the slow amendment pilgrimage is meant to spark spiritually; the slow somatic travail on the road itself; and the act of slowly reading as a form of textual wayfinding. The pilgrimage road, which amends over time, itself works within a diverse ecotone, replete with various pilgrims and pilgrimage works.Literary pilgrimage poems self-consciously commit themselves to promoting the vernacular. The ecopoetics of a specific “landguage,” the living and resilient vernacular used by medieval pilgrimage writers, sparks amendment—the spiritual change pilgrimage was meant to kindle. Amendment recurs thematically, indicating material change in the actual path walked on by historical pilgrims.Pilgrim readers undertook textual wayfaring, as do pilgrim-writers through variant texts amended by the poet himself. A strategy of slow ecopoetics authorizes the reader to co-perform the text, making author, reader, and text all kin. Just as the pilgrim presses ahead through a new space, creating the “edge effect” with each step, the pilgrim reader advances alongside the writer, co-creating a resilient literary work. Resumen          Analizando los poemas medievales del siglo XIV relacionados con la peregrinación y comparando estos con otros textos más contemporáneos, este ensayo explora cómo los elementos inherentes a la eco-poética del peregrinaje oscilan entre lo diseñado y lo casual, tanto a nivel literal como literario. Pese a que su construcción se vehicula a través del concepto de la peregrinación, con elementos temáticos basados en el viaje desde el hogar a un santuario sagrado, lo cierto es que los peregrinos frecuentemente se desviaban. La contingencia, en lugar de la casualidad, funciona como un agente dinámico que afecta a los desvíos del caminante-peregrino.El lento andar de los peregrinos contribuyó a una eco-poética de la lentitud: el  lento ejercicio de seguir el camino; el lento cambio en la lengua vernácula que se empleaba para articular la poesía de la peregrinación; la lenta transformación espiritual provocada, idóneamente, por los actos de peregrinar, caminar, o leer; y la lectura mesurada en sí hecha como forma de un lento peregrinaje.La enmienda se repite temáticamente en estos textos como concepto y término indicando cambios materiales, espirituales, lingüísticos, y poéticos—los caminos materiales modificados por los peregrinos históricos que los pisaban y seguían. Estas modificaciones corresponden de forma análoga al espectro literario, donde algunas versiones rivales de los poemas medievales sobre la peregrinación eran enmendados y editados por sus autores. Los poemas literarios de peregrinación promueven conscientemente lo vernáculo. La eco-poética de una lengua vernácula viva, o la “topo-poética”, usada por los autores medievales es lo que motiva el cambio espiritual que pretende provocar la peregrinación.Los lectores-peregrinos emprendían un deambular textual tal como hacían los autores-peregrinos por medio de los textos variados que el propio poeta modificaba. Una de las estrategias de la eco-poética lenta es permitir que el lector coopere en la interpretación del texto, avanzando así junto al autor para crear una obra literaria que responda a un público heterogéneo. Como resultado del no ser maestros del diseño sino seres errantes y contingentes del medio ambiente y de la poesía, los peregrinos—históricos y literarios—contribuyen a la existencia de una adaptabilidad vibrante, como lo ejemplifica la lenta eco-poética de la peregrinación.


Author(s):  
Peter Avis ◽  
Joe Sharpe

An essential step on the road to solving the lessons learned challenge is for organizations to “operationalize” the process for lessons learned such that the important lessons are not just observed but are learned over time to improve organizational behaviour. There are seven key findings: the engagement and integration of leadership into the lessons learned process; the development of spheres of influence and the corresponding organizational “loops”; the selection of a limited number of “rolled-up” observations to pursue – “five (good ones) are much better than 500”; the use of symposia to ensure education and collective “buy-in”; the development of action plans to engage the leadership and provide a practical direction on the way ahead; the triggering, packaging, dispatching, and recreation of lessons identified such that they are attainable and welcomed by the receiving stakeholders; and the development of logical, distinct steps in creating a database.


2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Sambanis ◽  
Micha Germann ◽  
Andreas Schädel

This article presents a new data set on self-determination movements (SDMs) with universal coverage for the period from 1945 to 2012. The data set corrects the selection bias that characterizes previous efforts to code SDMs and significantly expands coverage relative to the extant literature. For a random sample of cases, we add information on state–movement interactions and several attributes of SDM groups. The data can be used to study the causes of SDMs, the escalation of self-determination (SD) conflicts over time, and several other theoretical arguments concerning separatist conflict that have previously been tested with incomplete or inferior data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the new data set by revisiting Barbara Walter’s influential argument that governments will not accommodate SD challengers if they face several potential future challengers down the road because they want to build a reputation for strength. We do not find support for Walter’s reputational theory of separatist conflict.


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