Seismic Processes in the Light of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Evolution of the Universe

Second Law ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Ricci Dark Energy ◽

Evolution Of The Universe ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

The Future ◽

The motivation of this paper is to study the bulk viscosity effect in Ricci dark energy (RDE) model within the framework of modified f(R, T) gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar and T is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. As most studies assume that the universe is filled with a perfect fluid, viscosity is expected to present at least during some stages, especially in the early stage of the evolution of the universe but it could still become significant in the future. We assume the universe is filled with viscous RDE and pressureless dark matter. We consider the total bulk viscous coefficient is in the form of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]H, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the constants. We obtain the solutions to the modified field equations by assuming a form f(R, T) = R [Formula: see text] T, where [Formula: see text] is a constant. We find the scale factor and deceleration parameter, and classify all possible evolutions of the universe. We briefly discuss the future finite-time singularity and show that the Big Rip singularity appears in viscous RDE model. We investigate two geometrical diagnostics, statefinder parameter and Om to analyze the dynamics of evolution of the universe. The trajectories of statefinder parameter reveal that the model behaves like quintessence for small [Formula: see text], and for large [Formula: see text] it shows the Chaplygin gas-like. However, in late time both the models approach [Formula: see text]CDM. The model shows a transition from decelerated phase to accelerated phase. Similarly, the Om analysis reveals that the model behaves like quintessence for small [Formula: see text] and phantom-like for large [Formula: see text]. We extend our study to analyze the time evolution of the total entropy and generalized second law of thermodynamics of viscous RDE model in f(R, T) theory inside the apparent horizon. Our study shows that the generalized second law of thermodynamics always preserves in viscous RDE model in a region enclosed by the apparent horizon under the suitable constraints of viscous coefficients.

Evolution of the universe from the perspective of entropy and information

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s021773232150111x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150111

Author(s):

Fei-Quan Tu ◽

Bin Sun ◽

Meng Wan ◽

Qi-Hong Huang

Keyword(s):

Information Entropy ◽

Boltzmann Entropy ◽

Evolution Of The Universe ◽

Thermodynamic Entropy ◽

Entire Universe ◽

Low Entropy ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Universe ◽

Entropy Of The Universe

Entropy is a key concept widely used in physics and other fields. At the same time, the meaning of entropy with different names and the relationship among them are confusing. In this paper, we discuss the relationship among the Clausius entropy, Boltzmann entropy and information entropy and further show that the three kinds of entropy are equivalent to each other to some extent. Moreover, we point out that the evolution of the universe is a process of entropy increment and life originates from the original low entropy of the universe. Finally, we discuss the evolution of the entire universe composed of the cosmological horizon and the space surrounded by it and interpret the entropy as a measure of information of all microstates corresponding to a certain macrostate. Under this explanation, the thermodynamic entropy and information entropy are unified and we can conclude that the sum of the entropy of horizon and the entropy of matter in the space surrounded by the horizon does not decrease with time if the second law of thermodynamics holds for the entire universe.

tripleC Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society ◽

Self-organizing Systems in the Light of the Arrows of Orderedness, Symmetry, and Entropy

10.31269/vol2iss2pp63-73 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

György Darvas

Keyword(s):

Local Symmetry ◽

Evolution Of The Universe ◽

Global Evolution ◽

New Material ◽

New Interpretation ◽

The One ◽

Global And Local ◽

The Universe ◽

Matter Energy

The paper makes an attempt to resolve two conceptual mingling: (a) the mingling of the two interpretations of the concept of orderedness applied in statistical thermodynamics and in symmetrology, and (b) the mingling of two interpretations of evolution applied in global and local processes. In conclusion, it formulates a new interpretation on the relation of the emergence of new material qualities in selforganizing processes on the one hand, and the evolution of the universe, on the other. The process of evolution is a sequence of emergence of new material qualities by self-organization processes, which happen in negligible small segments of the universe. Although thermodynamics looks at the universe as a closed (isolated) system, this holds for its outside boundaries only, while the universe has many subsystems inside, which are not isolated (closed), since they are in a permanent exchange of matter, energy, etc. with their environment (with the rest of the universe) through their open boundaries. Any ";;emergence";; takes place, i.e., all new qualities come into being just in these small open segments of the universe. The conditions to apply the second law of thermodynamics are not present here. Therefore, global evolution of the universe is the consequence of local symmetry decreases, local decreases of orderedness, and possible local decreases of entropy.

Time’s Arrow and Statistical Uncertainty in Physics and Philosophy

The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820–1900 ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 204-241

Author(s):

Theodore M. Porter

Keyword(s):

Free Will ◽

Second Law ◽

Statistical Uncertainty ◽

Newtonian Mechanics ◽

Historical School ◽

James Clerk Maxwell ◽

Objective Chance ◽

The Universe ◽

Time’S Arrow

This chapter explores how German economists and statisticians of the historical school viewed the idea of social or statistical law as the product of confusion between spirit and matter or, equivalently, between history and nature. That the laws of Newtonian mechanics are fully time-symmetric and hence can be equally run backwards or forwards could not easily be reconciled with the commonplace observation that heat always flows from warmer to cooler bodies. James Clerk Maxwell, responding to the apparent threat to the doctrine of free will posed by thermodynamics and statistics, pointed out that the second law of thermodynamics was only probable, and that heat could be made to flow from a cold body to a warm one by a being sufficiently quick and perceptive. Ludwig Boltzmann resisted this incursion of probabilism into physics but in the end he was obliged, largely as a result of difficulties presented by the issue of mechanical reversibility, to admit at least the theoretical possibility of chance effects in thermodynamics. Meanwhile, the American philosopher and physicist C. S. Pierce determined that progress—the production of heterogeneity and homogeneity—could never flow from rigid mechanical laws, but demanded the existence of objective chance throughout the universe.

Dynamics of membrane processes

Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics ◽

10.1017/s0033583500000524 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 127-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

A. Katchalsky ◽

R. Spangler

Keyword(s):

Biological Evolution ◽

Second Law ◽

Membrane Processes ◽

Biological Phenomena ◽

Living Organisms ◽

The Universe ◽

Intrinsic Contradiction

I. I. In his illuminating book onThe Nature of Thermodynamics, Bridgeman (1941) points out an intrinsic contradiction between the concepts of physical and biological evolution. In his words: ‘The view that the universe is running down into a condition where its entropy and the amount of disorder are as great as possible has had a profound effect on the views of many biologists on the nature of biological phenomena. It springs to the eye, however, that the tendency of living organisms is to organize their surroundings—that is to “produce” order where formerly there was disorder. Life then appears in some way to oppose the otherwise universal drive to disorder. Does it mean that living organisms do, or may violate the second law of thermodynamics?…’

A Study of Universal Thermodynamics in Brane World Scenario

Advances in High Energy Physics ◽

10.1155/2015/430764 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Saugata Mitra ◽

Subhajit Saha ◽

Subenoy Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

Chaplygin Gas ◽

Brane World ◽

Second Law ◽

Modified Chaplygin Gas ◽

Thermodynamical Equilibrium ◽

Brane Model ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

Frw Model ◽

A study of Universal thermodynamics is done in the framework of RSII brane model and DGP brane scenario. The Universe is chosen as FRW model bounded by apparent or event horizon. Assuming extended Hawking temperature on the horizon, the unified first law is examined for perfect fluid (with constant equation of state) and Modified Chaplygin Gas model. As a result there is a modification of Bekenstein entropy on the horizons. Further the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics and thermodynamical equilibrium are also investigated.

VISCOUS DARK ENERGY AND GENERALIZED SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

International Journal of Modern Physics D ◽

10.1142/s0218271810017202 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (07) ◽

pp. 1205-1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. R. SETARE ◽

A. SHEYKHI

Keyword(s):

Dark Matter ◽

Dark Energy ◽

Time Evolution ◽

Casimir Effect ◽

Apparent Horizon ◽

Second Law ◽

Total Entropy ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

We examine the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in a non-flat universe in the presence of viscous dark energy. First we assume that the universe is filled only with viscous dark energy. Then, we extend our study to the case where there is an interaction between viscous dark energy and pressureless dark matter. We examine the time evolution of the total entropy, including the entropy associated with the apparent horizon and the entropy of the viscous dark energy inside the apparent horizon. Our study shows that the generalized second law of thermodynamics is always protected in a universe filled with interacting viscous dark energy and dark matter in a region enclosed by the apparent horizon. Finally, we show that the the generalized second law of thermodynamics is fulfilled for a universe filled with interacting viscous dark energy and dark matter by taking into account the Casimir effect.

A unified picture of cosmological entropy on apparent horizon in F(R, G) gravity

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732317501826 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (33) ◽

pp. 1750182 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ali İhsan Keskin ◽

Irfan Acikgoz

Keyword(s):

Apparent Horizon ◽

Hawking Temperature ◽

Second Law ◽

Field Equations ◽

Frw Universe ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

History Of ◽

The Universe ◽

Friedmann Robertson Walker

In this study, the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) has been investigated in F(R, G) gravity. We consider that the boundary of the universe is surrounded by an apparent horizon in the spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe, and we take into account the Hawking temperature on the horizons. The unified solutions of the field equations corresponding to gravity theory have been applied to the validity of the GSLT frame, and in this way, both the solutions have been verified and all the expansion history of the universe has been shown in a unified picture.

Cosmology in scalar–tensor–vector theory via thermodynamics

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732318501377 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (24) ◽

pp. 1850137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Onur Siginc ◽

Mustafa Salti ◽

Hilmi Yanar ◽

Oktay Aydogdu

Keyword(s):

Apparent Horizon ◽

Entropy Function ◽

Second Law ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

Vector Theory ◽

Theory Of Gravity ◽

The Universe ◽

Non Equilibrium

Assuming the universe as a thermodynamical system, the second law of thermodynamics can be extended to another form including the sum of matter and horizon entropies, which is called the generalized second law of thermodynamics. The generalized form of the second law (GSL) is universal which means it holds both in non-equilibrium and equilibrium pictures of thermodynamics. Considering the universe is bounded by a dynamical apparent horizon, we investigate the nature of entropy function for the validity of GSL in the scalar–tensor–vector (STEVE) theory of gravity.

Thermodynamics in the Universe Described by the Emergence of Space and the Energy Balance Relation

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e21020167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Fei-Quan Tu ◽

Yi-Xin Chen ◽

Qi-Hong Huang

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Present Model ◽

Thermodynamic Description ◽

Energy Condition ◽

Second Law ◽

First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Generalized Second Law ◽

Balance Relation ◽

It has previously been shown that it is more common to describe the evolution of the universe based on the emergence of space and the energy balance relation. Here we investigate the thermodynamic properties of the universe described by such a model. We show that the first law of thermodynamics and the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) are both satisfied and the weak energy condition are also fulfilled for two typical examples. Finally, we examine the physical consistency for the present model. The results show that there exists a good thermodynamic description for such a universe.