scholarly journals Dose assessment of medical exposure of radiographic dental studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
I. G. Shatskiy
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Statistical Observation ◽  
Radiation Output ◽  
Patient Doses ◽  
Effective Doses

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effective doses of patients for the most common radiographic dental studies, comparing the obtained data with the literature and reference values given in the guidelines “Filling in the forms of the federal state statistical observation No. 3-DOZ” and are still often used for form filling instead of measured values. In the framework of this work in 2016-2018, 44 X-ray units were examined at 37 dental medical facilities in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Seven radiographic studies were included: radiographs of three groups of teeth (incisors, premolars, and molars) for the upper and lower jaw and bite radiography. Physical-technical and geometrical parameters were collected for selected types of the standard patient studies: X-ray tube voltages, total filtration, radiation output, combination of the time and the current of exposure or the exposure, area of the study, size of the irradiation field; the focal length. Further, the input (surface) dose was calculated from the radiation output of the device. Then, based on the initial information about the parameters of the procedures and the input dose, the absorbed doses and the effective dose were calculated using the PCXMC program. For most devices, the dose values are in the range of 0.5 to 10.7 µSv, which is significantly lower than the values used to fill in the 3-DOS form. The results of evaluating the effective dose for these devices are fairly homogeneous, but on one device, there were doses exceeding not only the values of doses on other devices, but also the values from the recommendations for 3-DOS for devices with digital receivers, as well as those approaching similar values for film devices. An almost linear dependence of the effective dose on the exposure time was established, while a similar dependence on the voltage on the X-ray tube was not found. The median value of the effective dose for the units with films detectors was 3.2 µSv for the maxillary incisors, 3.8 µSv for the maxillary premolars, 6.8 µSv for the maxillary molars, and for the mandibular incisors, premolars and molars – 3.2, 3.4 and 5.8 µSv, and for bitewing – 6.7 µSv. For the unit with digital detectors, effective doses were 1 µSv, 1,2 µSv, 2,2 µSv for maxilla, 1 µSv, 1,3 µSv, 2 µSv for mandibula and 2,8 µSv for bitewing. Attention is drawn to the substantial width of the ranges without emissions for the examination of premolars of the upper jaw, molars of both jaws and occlusion, which is the reason for the possible enhancement of optimization measures in these studies. When comparing with published data, it was found that the effective doses in St. Petersburg and the regional institutions are lower than the values obtained using standard round collimator and medium and high sensitivity films (class D and F, respectively), as well as lower dose levels in the European Commission Guidelines. In addition, the dose values deduced in this study are significantly lower than the values given in the guidelines “Filling in the forms of federal state statistical observation No. 3-DOZ” and which are still often used to fill in the form instead of the measured values. This indicates an overestimation of estimates of patient doses when using reference values from the 3-DOZ manual and the need to use individual patient doses, obtained on the basis of measurements. However, the effective doses in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region are higher than those obtained using a square collimator and high-sensitivity films. The above results suggest that it is necessary and possible to carry out optimization in X-ray dental studies in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Analysis of similar studies on other X-ray diagnostic techniques allows to extrapolate this statement to other regions of Russia.

Determination of Radiation Exposure for Patients with Dental X-Ray Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
S. Somov
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Statistical Form

Purpose: Improving the quality of radiation assessment of patients of the medical institution of the dental profile using the calculated values of effective doses. Material and methods: Using the RED-2018 and ORTO-2018 programs, the values of effective patient exposure doses for 29 medical organizations of the dental profile were calculated. The obtained values of the effective dose were compared with the values specified in the methodological recommendations MP 0100 / 1659-07-26 of February 16, 2007 “Filling of forms of federal state statistical observation 3-DOZ”. Results: The analysis showed that the doses obtained using the RED-2018 and ORTO-2018 computer programs, respectively, are 21 and 14 times lower than the doses indicated in the methodological recommendations MP 0100 / 1659-07-26. Conclusion: It is shown that the developed computer programs can be applied by a dentist practicing physician who performs an x-ray examination in order to automatically and reliably determine the patient’s dose when performing x-ray-mathematical studies in accordance with the guidelines of MU 2.6.1.2944-11 “Monitoring effective doses of patients during x-ray examinations” also used in the preparation of radiation hygienic passports of organizations and statistical form 3-DOZ. The indication of the actually calculated values of the effective dose of the patient, rather than repeatedly overestimated averages, will reduce the level of radiophobia in society.

CONTEMPORARY COLLECTIVE EFFECTIVE DOSE TO THE POPULATION FROM X-RAY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE EXAMINATIONS—CHANGES OVER LAST 10 YEARS IN FINLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Ritva Bly ◽  
Hannu Järvinen ◽  
Sampsa Kaijaluoto ◽  
Verneri Ruonala
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Plain Radiography ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weighting Factors ◽  
Effective Doses

Abstract Contemporary collective effective doses to the population from x-ray and nuclear medicine examinations in Finland in 2018 was estimated. The estimated effective dose per caput from x-ray examinations increased from year 2008 to 2018 respectively from 0.45 mSv to 0.72 mSv and from nuclear medicine examinations from 0.03 mSv to 0.04 mSv. The proportional dose due to CT examinations of the total collective effective dose from all x-ray examinations increased from 58% in 2008 to 70% in 2018 and the dose did not change substantially in total when new conversion factors were applied. The collective effective dose from conventional plain radiography did not change substantially during the last ten years while the new (ICRP 103) tissue weighting factors were taken into use in 2018, however frequencies of examinations in total decreased. The collective effective dose from CT in nuclear medicine tripled between 2009 and 2018.

RESULTS OF CZECH NATIONAL STUDY OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FROM RADIOTHERAPY OF NON-MALIGNANT DISEASES, IN PARTICULAR OF HEEL SPURS

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 386-390
Author(s):  
V Dufek ◽  
H Zackova ◽  
L Kotik ◽  
I Horakova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
National Study ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Doses

Abstract About 26 000 patients are treated per year with radiotherapy for non-malignant diseases in the Czech Republic. Approximately 75% of them are treated on X-ray therapy units and most of these patients undergo radiotherapy of heel spurs. The evaluation of radiation exposure of these patients was based on measured organ doses and on data from clinical practice. Collective effective doses for particular diagnoses were calculated in order to compare doses resulting from different diagnoses treated on X-ray therapy units. The collective effective dose from radiotherapy of heel spurs in the Czech Republic in 2013 was evaluated to 77 manSv. It represents 25.6% of the total collective effective dose for all diagnoses of radiotherapy for non-malignant diseases treated on X-ray therapy units.

scholarly journals Inaktivierungsversuche mit homozygoten Hefestämmen verschiedenen Ploidiegrades

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Hempel ◽  
Wolfgang Laskowski
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Distinct Difference ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Doses

A diploid Saccaromyces strain was treated with several doses of X-rays, UV and succinic acid peroxyde (BPO). The inactivation of the ability to form macroscopic colonies as well as the ability to form microcolonies of at least two cells to a few hundred cells has been compared with the inactivation of respiration and fermentation intensity. If the inactivation of macroscopic colony formation is taken as a measure of the effective dose applied, the formation of at least one daughter cell as well as respiration and fermentation intensity is reduced to approximately the same extent after BPO and X-ray treatment. In the latter case, however, much higher effective doses have to be applied and a distinct difference between respiration and fermentation sensitivity is observed. After UV-treatment the formation of at least one daughter cell is exceedingly more sensitive than the fermentation processes. The respiration processes behave most UV resistant. Possible reasons for the observed different relative sensitivities are discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of patient medical exposure in X-ray diagnostics in Russia for half a century (1970–2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
S. A. Kalnitsky ◽  
N. V. Tselikov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Observation Period

During last 50 years, firstly in the RSFSR in the USSR (1970-80), then in the Russian Federation - RF (1990-2019), the authors studied the radiation safety issues of patients from medical exposure. The reader is offered a complex radiation-hygienic analysis of the 50-year medical exposure of patients and of the population in Russia to inform and analyze the available data on the most common type of use of ionizing radiation sources in the national economy. For a half century, several generations of people have changed and medical diagnostic X-ray equipment and technologies have also radically changed. The information from this article was obtained on the basis of radiation-hygienic statistics, as well as considered our research. The data is presented at the federal level in the form of the volume of research carried out- determined by the number of X-ray procedures, as well as the level of medical exposure in the form of effective dose of patients in Russia - a huge region with a population of about 150 million people, where about 200 million X-Ray procedures were performed annually, i.e. about 10 billion X-Ray procedures for the entire observation period. During the study, a collective effective dose was - 6.5 million person-Sv at the rate of 100 thousand person-Sv and more per year. The paper presents the dynamics and the structure of the studied indicators depending on the type of medical exposure, as well as its localization. The contribution of the X-ray diagnostics to the total volume of radiation diagnostics, which is developing dynamically, is presented. It was found that throughout the study, there were two oppositely directed processes: an increase in the number of X-Ray procedures and a decrease in the effective doses of patients. At present, the minimum dose has been reached, after that it has been increasing began, associated with the use of new computer technologies. It was determined that, depending on the localization, the main radiation load during X-ray procedures falls on the skeleton and digestive organs. It is shown that during the study period (in 1986) there was an accident at the Chernobyl, which significantly affected on medical activities and, in particular, X-ray diagnostic indicators. The paper shows the consequences of these situations. In general, the data presented is huge in volume and significant in information content. The information obtained on the basis of such a unique data is representative and allows, firstly, to analytically study the issues of radiation protection of patients and, secondly, to plan the strategy and tactics of its development.

scholarly journals Effective Dose Calculation for Patients Undergoing X-ray Examinations in Erbil Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Ilham Khalid Ibrahim ◽  
Fatiheea Fatihalla Hassan ◽  
Nashwan Karkhi Abdulkareem
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Dose Calculation ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Current Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Probability Of Cancer

Background: In conventional X-ray examinations, patients are exposed to radiation. Biological hazards from radiation of any source is expressed as effective dose, and is measured in millisieverts (mSv). The purpose of this study was to assess and calculate the effective dose values for patients undergoing posteroanterior (PA) chest, abdomen, anteroposterior (AP) pelvis, and cervical spine X-ray examinations in general hospitals of Erbil city and compare it with those of other studies. Materials and Methods: A total of 255 patients between 20-70 years of age participated in this work (85 per hospital). The patients’ characteristics included age, sex, examination type, projection posture, and exposure parameters captured by NOMEX Multimeter including tube potential and current-time product. The mean effective doses (EDs) of four different examinations (chest (PA), pelvis (AP), abdomen, and cervical spine) were measured using the Monte Carlo method and compared with those of other studies. Results: The mean EDs were calculated 1.04, 2.01, 3.12, and 3.22 mSv for chest (PA), pelvis (AP), abdomen, and cervical spine, respectively. All ED values in this study were higher than those of published studies. The aim of the study was to increase the awareness of the radiographer and patients undergoing conventional X-ray diagnostic radiology on the risk of ionizing radiation for radiological protection in Erbil hospitals. Conclusion: The mean EDs were increased by an increase in the age; this may increase the probability of cancer incidence and heritable diseases. Hence, dose optimization is required due to more probable incidence of cancer when compared to other studies.

ESTIMATION OF ORGAN DOSES AND EFFECTIVE DOSES BASED ON IN-PHANTOM DOSIMETRY FOR INFANT DIAGNOSTIC CARDIAC CATHETERISATIONS WITH NOVEL X-RAY IMAGING TECHNOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-534
Author(s):  
Toshio Kawasaki ◽  
Masami Sakakubo ◽  
Kanako Ito
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Cardiac Catheterisation ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dose Area Product ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Area Product

Abstract The present study evaluated the organ and effective doses in infant diagnostic cardiac catheterisation performed using a modern x-ray imaging unit by in-phantom dosimetry. In addition, conversion factors from dose–area product (DAP) to effective dose were determined. The organ and effective doses in 1-year old during diagnostic cardiac catheterisations were measured using radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeters implanted into an infant anthropomorphic phantom. The mean effective doses, evaluated according to the International Commission on Radiologic Protection Publication 103, were 4.0 mSv (range: 1.5–8.7 mSv). The conversion factors from DAP to effective dose were 2 and 3.5 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral fluoroscopy, respectively, and 1.8 and 3.3 mSv (Gy cm2)−1 for posteroanterior and lateral cineangiography, respectively. The dose data and conversion factors evaluated in the present study may be useful for estimating radiation exposure in infants during diagnostic cardiac catheterisation.

ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE DOSE OF DENTAL X-RAY DEVICES

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Qiang ◽  
Fu Qiang ◽  
Lin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intraoral Radiography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dental Ct ◽  
Absorbed Doses ◽  
Effective Doses

Abstract This study aims to estimate the effective doses of dental X-ray devices under common scanning protocols. After putting TLDs in the Alderson Radiation Therapy Phantom, we exposed the phantom under common scanning protocols of three dental X-ray devices, namely CBCT, dental panoramic machine and intraoral round cone device. Then effective doses were calculated using the measured absorbed doses of organs and tissues. Tissue weighting factors recommended by the ICRP were adopted in the calculation. Effective doses under common scanning protocols of three Dental X-ray devices were obtained. The effective dose of dental CT was 0.20 mSv, and that of dental panoramic machine and intraoral radiography were 0.013 and 0.0050 mSv, respectively. The tissue absorbed doses of dental CT scan were 0.63 mGy of brain, 7.7 mGy of salivary glands, 8.7 mGy of thyroid and 4.0 mGy of the lens of the eye. The tissue absorbed doses from dental panoramic machine are 0.62 mGy of salivary glands and 0.25 mGy of thyroid. And finally the tissue absorbed dose of intraoral radiography was 0.80 mGy of salivary gland. Among the three dental X-ray devices studied, dental CBCT scan can cause much higher effective dose than the other two. Brain, salivary glands, thyroid and the lens of the eye are tissues receiving relatively higher absorbed doses.

Use of effective dose to assess x-ray protective clothing

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. R140-R151
Author(s):  
Heinrich Eder ◽  
Helmut Schlattl
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Role ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Subordinate Role

Abstract This review article provides an overview on the results of studies conducted by the authors to improve the current personal protection concept in the clinical application of x-rays. With the aid of personal dose equivalent measurements during radiologically guided clinical interventions, laboratory tests using the Alderson-Rando phantom as well as Monte Carlo simulations various x-ray application scenarios were investigated. The organ doses and the effective doses of staff persons standing near the patient were determined. The 3D-attenuation properties of protective clothing under the scattered radiation emitted by the patient play a special role here. With regard to the minimisation of the quantity ‘effective dose’ the protection of the lower body from the gonads to the chest is of particular importance, since 80% of the effective dose is contributed by this region of the body. In contrast, protection of the back plays a subordinate role. Protective aprons optimised in terms of effective dose can be significantly lighter than conventional aprons, providing equal protection. The assessment of the attenuation properties of protective clothing should be based on the risk-related dose quantity, effective dose, rather than lead equivalent. In the future, the evaluation of radiation protective clothing could be based on the calculation of the effective dose assuming standardised irradiation conditions.

Effective dose and risks from medical x-ray procedures

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.I. Balonov ◽  
P.C. Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Senior Patients ◽  
Age And Sex

The radiation risks from a range of medical x-ray examinations (radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography) were assessed as a function of the age and sex of the patient using risk models described in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007) and UNSCEAR (2006, Annex A). Such estimates of risk based on typical organ doses were compared with those derived from effective doses using the International Commission on Radiological Protection's nominal risk coefficients. Methodologically similar but not identical dose and risk calculations were performed independently at the Institute of Radiation Hygiene (Russia) and the Health Protection Agency (UK), and led to similar conclusions. The radiogenic risk of stochastic health effects following various x-ray procedures varied significantly with the patient's age and sex, but to differing degrees depending on which body organs were irradiated. In general, the risks of radiation-induced stochastic health effects in children are estimated to be higher (by a factor of ⩽4) than in adults, and risks in senior patients are lower by a factor of ⩾10 relative to younger people. If risks are assessed on the basis of effective dose, they are underestimated for children of both sexes by a factor of ⩽4. This approach overestimates risks by a factor of ⩽3 for adults and about an order of magnitude for senior patients. The significant sex and age dependence of radiogenic risk for different cancer types is an important consideration for radiologists when planning x-ray examinations. Whereas effective dose was not intended to provide a measure of risk associated with such examinations, it may be sufficient to make simple adjustments to the nominal risk per unit effective dose to account for age and sex differences.

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