MICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF BABESIA SPP. BABESIA BOVIS AND BABESIA BIGEMINA IN MOSUL CITY-IRAQ

Background: Babesia species are intraerythrocytic protozoa, distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, causing anemic diseases in many animals, including cattle. This disease, called babesisosis, is transmitted from one animal to another through ticks (Tick Borne-Disease or TBD). On the other hand, Ecuador has a tropical climate that allows the development of the vector Rhipicephalus microplus, and therefore favors the transmission of Babesia spp. in cattle. Methods and principal findings: We determined the presence of Babesia spp. by PCR using 18s ribosomal gene as target (18s PCR) in 20 farms in the area of El Carmen (zone below 300 m above sea level) and 1 farm in Quito (2469 m.a.s.l.). In addition, we analyzed parameters such as age, sex, and packed cell volume (PCV) as explanatory variable associated with the disease. Results: The 18s PCR test showed that 18.94% (14.77% Babesia bovis and 4.17% Babesia bigemina) and 20.28% (14.69% B. bovis and 5.59% B. bigemina) of the cattle were positive for Babesia spp in farms sampled in El Carmen and in Quito, respectively. Age influenced the presence of animals positive for Babesia spp., but sex and PCV did not. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed 4 isolates of B. bovis and 3 isolates of B. bigemina in the 2 study zones, with similarities between 99.73 and 100% with other sequences. One B. bovis isolate was similar in the zone of El Carmen and Quito. Conclusion and significance: This work is the first molecular characterization of B. bigemina and B. bovis in Ecuador, and it is also the first evidence of Babesia spp. in cattle in the area of Quito at an altitude of 2469 m.a.s.l., being the highest altitude reported for animals with babesiosis and for the tick R. microplus. Climatic factors as well as mobility of tick-carrying animals without any control allow the presence of Babesiosis outbreaks in new geographical areas.

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Dynamics of natural infection by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in dairy cattle from an enzootic instability area in Northeastern Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612018008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 2-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisco de Assis Leite Souza ◽

Alexandra de Siqueira Cajado Liarte ◽

Karina Neoob de Carvalho Castro ◽

Eduardo Esmeraldo Augusto Beserra ◽

Jéssica Cristianne Mazer Bernardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Significant Difference ◽

On Farm ◽

Babesia Spp

Abstract This study aimed to determine the dynamics of natural infection in the transmission of Babesia spp. to cattle in an enzootic instability area in Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 30 calves located on two dairy farms to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and the timing of the primo-infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their association with climatic factors and management practices. On Farm A, the determination of primo-infection was observed on average at 249.4 (±24.42) days of age for B. bigemina and at 252.6 (±17.07) days of age for B. bovis; there was no significant difference between the times of infection (P> 0.05). The infection coincided with a period of high rainfall in the region. On Farm B, primo-infection infection was not observed. There was no infection by Babesia spp. on Farm B due to the intensive use of acaricides that led to an absence of ticks. There was no significant difference between the average PCV of animals from Farms A and B (P> 0.05). The management practices on the properties, in addition to the weather conditions influenced the exposure of the animals to disease vectors and may have contributed to the maintenance of this enzootic area in Northeastern Brazil.

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Asociación de los alelos del gen BoLA-DRB3 con la infección natural de Babesia spp en el ganado criollo Hartón del Valle

Archivos de Zootecnia ◽

10.21071/az.v66i253.2133 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (253) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Bolaños ◽

D. Hernandez ◽

L. Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Babesia Spp

En 191 individuos de la raza bovina criolla Hartón del Valle, se evaluó la infección por los protozoarios Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina mediante PCR convencional, los polimorfismos del gen BoLA-DRB3,2* mediante PCR-SBT y la asociación entre ambos (Odds Ratio, OR). Los alelos fueron categorizados según su asociación en resistentes (R), susceptibles (S) o neutrales (N) a la infección y los individuos genotipados según la clasificación de sus alelos como: N/N, N/R, N/S, R/R, R/S y S/S. Ningún animal fue positivo a la infección por B. bovis y por tanto no se realizaron estimaciones de asociación. La infección con B. bigemina fue del 13,1%. Se encontraron 36 alelos BoLA-DRB3,2, los más frecuentes fueron el *1101 (0,196), *20012 (0,097), *2006 (0,053) y *2703 (0,053). Se encontró una asociación positiva (p

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Frequência de Babesia spp. em bezerras holandesas no município de Patos de Minas - MG / Babesia spp. occurance in holstine calves in Patos de Minas - MG

Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research ◽

10.34188/bjaerv4n4-076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 5782-5791

Author(s):

Clelio de Souza Machado Neto ◽

Alice Pratas Glycerio De Freitas ◽

Dalton Cesar Rigueira Milagres

Keyword(s):

Bos Taurus ◽

Bos Indicus ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Babesia Spp

As babesioses bovinas tratam-se de doenças parasitárias causadas por Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina, sendo que o único vetor biológico é o carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. O aspecto mais relevante da patogenicidade desse agente reside na anemia grave, ocasionando um alto índice de morbimortalidade nos rebanhos, além de queda da produção de leite e carne, abortos, redução de fertilidade, entre outros prejuízos. A raça holandesa tem origem nos países baixos europeus e tem sido evidenciada como uma das principais raças leiteiras entre as bovinas, sendo expandida a criação da mesma em quase todos os continentes. Todas as raças bovinas são suscetíveis à Babesia spp., mas o Bos indicus apresenta maior resistência do que o Bos taurus. O Brasil é considerado como um país enzoótico para a Babesiose devido à constante transmissão dos agentes. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é determinar a prevalência de infecção por Babesia bovis em bezerras da raça Holandesa no município de Patos de Minas, MG, através da análise de esfregaços de sangue periférico. O estudo foi realizado em 10 (dez) propriedades de rebanho leiteiro da raça Holandesa (HPB), no período de julho de 2016. Foram avaliadas bezerras entre 90 e 270 dias, utilizando-se amostras de sangue periférico de 160 animais destas propriedades. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que (46%) dos animais foram considerados infectados por Babesia spp., confirmando a presença deste hemoparasito no município Patos de Minas, MG.

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Diagnóstico de Babesia bovis (Babesiidae) y Babesia bigemina (Babesiidae) en garrapatas recolectadas en los municipios Turbo y Necoclí (Antioquia) en 2014

Actualidades Biológicas ◽

10.17533/udea.acbi.v41n111a05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (111) ◽

pp. 65-71

Author(s):

Juliana González Obando ◽

Andrés Felipe Holguín Rocha ◽

Alberto Tobón Castaño

Keyword(s):

Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Para Determinar ◽

Babesia Spp

La babesiosis afecta principalmente a bovinos y humanos; en su transmisión están implicadas las garrapatas, particularmente Rhipicephalus microplus, especie distribuida ampliamente en Latinoamérica. El método diagnóstico utilizado para determinar la presencia de Babesia spp. en garrapatas es la microscopía de hemolinfa, diagnóstico menos sensible que la PCR, la cual tiene una sensibilidad entre 95%–100% y una especificidad del 100%. En Colombia, zonas como la Costa Atlántica, el Bajo Cauca y Urabá son ecológicamente aptas para la presencia del parásito y del vector, considerando que se han registrado garrapatas de los géneros Dermacentor, Amblyomma y Rhipicephalus, implicadas en la transmisión de diversos patógenos de interés médico y veterinario. El estudio de la dinámica de transmisión por garrapatas es esencial para la elaboración de estrategias de control adecuadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las especies de garrapatas presentes en predios ganaderos de la región de Urabá (Colombia) y su frecuencia de infección por Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. Se muestrearon 202 bovinos, en 30 predios de 15 localidades de los municipios Turbo y Necoclí. Se recolectaron 515 garrapatas; la especie predominante fue R. microplus 98% (507/515); la presencia del género Amblyomma estuvo asociada a predios aledaños de zonas boscosas. La frecuencia de infección en 162 subconjuntos de garrapatas (154 de R. microplus y 8 especímenes de A. cajennense) fue 18,5% (30/162), 15,4% (25/162) por B. bigemina, 4,9% (8/162) por B. bovis y 1,8% (3/162) de coinfección por estas especies.

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Seroprevalencia de babesiosis bovina en la hacienda Vegas de la Clara, Gómez Plata (Antioquia), 2008

Revista de Medicina Veterinaria ◽

10.19052/mv.577 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 63-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard Zapata Salas ◽

Natasha Lara Ramírez ◽

Armando Baena Zapata ◽

Julián Reyes Vélez ◽

Leonardo Alberto Ríos Osorio

Keyword(s):

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Babesia Spp

La babesiosis es una enfermedad del ganado bovino transmitida por la garrapata Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus y causada por los parásitos protozoarios Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. Una zona se considera epizootiológicamente estable frente a Babesia spp, cuando el 75% de los bovinos entre las edades de 3 a 9 meses son serorreactivos (IgG) frente a Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina y no hay evidencia de signos clínicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina en el ganado bovino de la hacienda Vegas de la Clara (Universidad de Antioquia, Gómez Plata, Antioquia), por medio de inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo con análisis de corte transversal. Fue evaluada toda la población bovina de la hacienda Vegas de la Clara (n = 118). Las muestras fueron evaluadas por inmunofluorescencia indirecta para la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG específicos contra Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. La serorreactividad obtenida en los bovinos evaluados, para al menos una especie de Babesia fue del 89,8%, para Babesia bovis del 83,8%, mientras que para B. bigemina del 61%. Se obtuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la serorreactividad para B. bigemina y la frecuencia del tratamiento garrapaticida. La serorreactividad indica estabilidad enzoótica en el hato para B. bovis, mientras que para B. bigemina se encontró que la frecuencia del tratamiento garrapaticida interrumpe su ciclo de transmisión.

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Applying Machine Learning to Predict the Exportome of Bovine and Canine Babesia Species That Cause Babesiosis

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10060660 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 660

Author(s):

Stephen J. Goodswen ◽

Paul J. Kennedy ◽

John T. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Training Data ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Bovine Babesiosis ◽

Canine Babesiosis ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Significant Disease

Babesia infection of red blood cells can cause a severe disease called babesiosis in susceptible hosts. Bovine babesiosis causes global economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industries, and canine babesiosis is considered a clinically significant disease. Potential therapeutic targets against bovine and canine babesiosis include members of the exportome, i.e., those proteins exported from the parasite into the host red blood cell. We developed three machine learning-derived methods (two novel and one adapted) to predict for every known Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia canis protein the probability of being an exportome member. Two well-studied apicomplexan-related species, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, with extensive experimental evidence on their exportome or excreted/secreted proteins were used as important benchmarks for the three methods. Based on 10-fold cross validation and multiple train–validation–test splits of training data, we expect that over 90% of the predicted probabilities accurately provide a secretory or non-secretory indicator. Only laboratory testing can verify that predicted high exportome membership probabilities are creditable exportome indicators. However, the presented methods at least provide those proteins most worthy of laboratory validation and will ultimately save time and money.

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