scholarly journals Secret Agents of the Russian Gendarmerie in the Fight against Espionage at the Beginning of the First World War

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 892-901
Author(s):  
V. O. Zverev ◽  
◽  
O. G. Polovnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
First World War ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
World War ◽  
Secret Service ◽  
Special Services ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The article discusses the limited intelligence capabilities of the gendarmerie departments of the Warsaw Governor General (Lomzinska, Warsaw, Kielce, Lublin, and Radom provinces) in the fight against German and Austrian spies in the second half of 1914 and the first half of 1915. One reason for the secret police’s lack of readiness is the reluctance of the gendarmerie-police authorities to organize counter-response work on an appropriate basis. The rare, fragmentary, and not always valuable information received by agents of the investigating authorities did not allow the gendarmes to organize full-scale and successful operational work on a subordinate territory to identify hidden enemies of the state. The low potential, and, in some cases, the complete uselessness of secret service personnel for the interests of the military wanted list led to the fact that most politically disloyal persons were accidentally identified by other special services. In most cases, spies were detected either due to information from army intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, or due to the vigilance of military personnel of the advanced units of the Russian army. The authors conclude that the gendarmerie departments were unable to organize a systematic operational escort of military personnel of the Russian armies deployed in the Warsaw Military District. Despite the fact that the duty of the gendarmerie police included not only criminal procedures, but also operational searches, there was no qualified identification of spies with the help of secret officers.

scholarly journals Service of the Orthodox military clergy in the occupied territory of Galicia during the First World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Eleonora V. Starostenko
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Fighting Spirit ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The activity of the Orthodox military clergy in the Russian army on the territory of Galicia during the First World War is considered. It was established that the religious situation in Galicia and the conduct of hostilities on the enemy’s territory had a great influence on the activities of military priests. The attitude of the protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy to the uniate question, the specificity of the interaction of military priests with the local population are shown. The features of the organisation and implementation of services are analysed. The work of priests to maintain a fighting spirit is considered. Cases of both conscientious and unacceptable attitude to the service was established.

Polacy w armii rosyjskiej na Lubelszczyźnie na początku I wojny światowej / The Poles in the Russian army in Lubelszczyzna at the beginning of the First World War

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kulik
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

AbstractBefore the First World War a part of Polish territory, including Lubelszczyzna was in the Military District in Warsaw. There were standing five army corps, which consisted of 200,000 soldiers. In Lubelszczyzna there was standing one corps - XIV Army Corps in the power of 30,000 men. Due to the current rules, the could be very few among them. The restrictions referred to officers too, but only to the Catholics (Catholic’s vacant). Poles of others religions were out of the restrictions. Poles were mainly commanders, up to the brigade commanders. Among them there were also generals Eugeniusz de Hennig Michaelis and Edward Kolankowski. After the war broke out the number of Poles in the Russian army increased, which was connected with the mobilization, the war acts and their consequences.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL BASES OF FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY OF MILITARY POLICE BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN THE XIXth - THE EARLY XXth CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Андрей Андреевич Кулюкин
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Police ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World ◽  
Over Time

В рамках статьи исследован вопрос развития военно-полицейских органов в России до 1917 г. Отмечено, что до формирования кадровых военно-полицейских частей уже с XVII в. законом предусматривались специальные воинские чины, на которых были возложены задачи по поддержанию правопорядка в армии на ранних этапах ее становления. Приведен пример полицейской службы Ингерманландского драгунского полка в годы Отечественной войны 1812 г., который стал прообразом кадровой военно-полицейской части. Рассмотрены организация службы, функции, полномочия, этапы формирования и законодательные акты, регламентирующие деятельность военно-полицейских частей. Раскрыта краткая история гвардейского жандармского полуэскадрона, приведены примеры выполнения военной полицией возложенных задач. Произведены обобщение, структурирование задач и функций, возложенных на военную полицию в годы Первой мировой войны. Сделан вывод, что создание в составе армии кадровых военно-полицейских частей стало одним из этапов и логическим продолжением генезиса военно-полицейских органов в России. Проведен сравнительный анализ деятельности военно-полицейских органов в различное время, при этом отмечено, что задачи и функции военной полиции с течением времени оставались в основном неизменными. Within the framework of the article, the issue of the military-police bodies development in Russia from 1815 to 1917 is investigated. It is noted that before the formation of cadre military-police units, already from the 17th century, the law provided for special military ranks, who were entrusted with the tasks of maintaining law and order in the army at the early stages of its formation. An example is given of the police service of the Ingermanland Dragoon Regiment during the Patriotic War of 1812, which became the prototype of the regular military-police unit. The organization of the service, functions, powers, stages of formation and legislative acts regulating the activities of military-police units are considered. A brief history of the Guards gendarme half-squadron is revealed, examples of the military police performing the assigned tasks are given. The generalization, structuring of the tasks and functions assigned to the military police during the First World War are made. It is concluded that the creation of personnel military-police units within the army was one of the stages and a logical continuation of the genesis of military-police bodies in Russia. A comparative analysis of the activities of military-police bodies at different times is carried out, while it is noted that the tasks and functions of the military police have remained largely unchanged over time.

scholarly journals Fraternization in the 8th army of the South-Western front in March-August 1917

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
Sergey Vladimirovich Kuritsyn
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Western Front ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

This paper attempts to explore specifics of fraternization in one of the most efficient armies of the Eastern European Theater during the First World War - the 8th army of the South-Western front. The election of this chronological framework - spring-summer 1917 - was due to the fact that it was during this period of fraternization and its close forms when soldiers of the opposing armies were unprecedentedly widespread on the Russian front in general and in the 8th army in particular. This was due to the fact that after the fall of the monarchy in Russia, the soldiers masses wanted to put an end to the war. Fraternization at the front became possible due to the weakening of the power of the command staff in the conditions of the revolution. The paper presents the facts of the Austro-German side interest in fraternization development, as well as the measures taken by the command of the Russian army and the soldiers committees to stop fraternization. It should be noted that for most Russian soldiers fraternization was of great interest because it allowed them to barter with the military forces of the Quadruple Alliance, which had an opportunity to obtain bread in exchange for any things or alcohol.

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

Desertie naar de vijand in het Belgische frontleger tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Deel 2

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-175
Author(s):  
Jos Monballyu
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
World War ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World ◽  
Front Movement

Over de motieven waarom Belgische militairen tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog naar de Duitse vijand deserteerden is al veel geschreven. Volgens de Franstalige patriottische pers en literatuur van kort na de Eerste Wereldoorlog was die desertie uitsluitend te wijten aan de defaitistische ingesteldheid van de Vlaamse Frontbeweging en de talrijke aansporingen waarmee hun vier afgezanten naar de Duitsers (Jules Charpentier, Karel De Schaepdrijver, Vital Haesaert en Carlos Van Sante) de Vlaamse soldaten aan het IJzerfront bestookten. De Vlaamse historici probeerden die beschuldiging op allerlei manieren te weerleggen of schoven de verantwoordelijkheid voor die desertie in de schoenen van Antoon Pira en zijn Algemeen Vlaamsch Democratische Verbond. Geen enkele historicus ging daarbij na wat de deserteurs zelf over hun desertie naar de vijand te vertellen hadden. Dit deden zij nochtans uitvoerig tijdens de verschillende gerechtelijke ondervragingen waaraan zij na de oorlog werden onderworpen wanneer zij konden worden aangehouden. Het feit dat zij daarbij al strafbaar waren van zodra zij wetens en willens deserteerden ongeacht hun eigenlijke motief, liet hen daarbij toe om dit motief vrij complexloos mee te delen. Geen enkele van de overlopers van wie het strafdossier bewaard is, gaf echter toe dat hij omwille van de Vlaamse kwestie was overgelopen. Oorlogsmoeheid en de behoefte om zijn familieleden terug te zien waren, zoals in alle legers, de voornaamste motieven waarom zij naar de vijand deserteerden. Ook de Belgische Militaire Veiligheid en de krijgsauditeurs slaagden er trouwens niet in om een verband te leggen tussen de Vlaamse Frontbeweging en de Belgische deserties naar de vijand.________Desertion to the enemy in the Belgian front army during the First World War (part 2)Much has already been written about the reasons why Belgian soldiers deserted to the German enemy during the First World War. According to the French language patriotic press and literature dating from shortly after the First World War that desertion was exclusively due to the defeatist attitude of the Flemish Front Movement and the many exhortations with which their four representatives to the Germans (Jules Charpentier, Karel De Schaepdrijver, Vital Haesaert and Carlos Van Sante) bombarded the Flemish soldiers at the Yser Front. Flemish historians attempted in a variety of ways to refute that accusation or they shifted the responsibility for the desertion on to Antoon Pira and his Algemeen Vlaamsch Democratische Verbond (General Flemish Democratic Union). Not a single historian investigated what the deserters themselves had to say about their desertion to the enemy. However, the deserters gave extensive explanations during the detailed investigation that took place during the various judicial interrogations, to which they were submitted after the war if it was possible to arrest them. The fact that they were considered to have committed a criminal offence for having knowingly deserted whatever their actual motive, allowed them to communicate this motive without too many complexes. However, none of the defectors whose criminal records have been preserved admitted that he had defected for the sake of the Flemish Question.  As is the case in all armies, the main reasons for desertion to the enemy were war-weariness and the longing to see members of their family. The Belgian Military Security and the military auditors were not able either to establish a causal link between the Flemish Front Movement and the Belgian desertions to the enemy.

The Short Career of the Indian Labour Corps in France, 1917–1919

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 27-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Singha
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
First World War ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Status ◽  
War Experience ◽  
Social Agendas ◽  
First World

AbstractThis essay adds the story of the Indian Labour Corps (ILC) to the narratives of the various “coloured” units brought in to France to deal with the manpower crisis that had overtaken that theater of the First World War in 1916. The label “coloured” or “native labour” justified inferior care and a harsher work and disciplinary regime than that experienced by white labor. However, official reports and newspaper coverage also expose a dense play of ethnographic comparison between the different colored corps. The notion was that to “work” natives properly, the managerial regimes peculiar to them also had to be imported into the metropolis. The register of comparison was also shaped by specific political and social agendas which gave some colored units more room than others to negotiate acknowledgement of their services. One dimension of the war experience for Indian laborers was their engagement with institutional and ethnic categorizations. The other dimension was the process of being made over into military property and the workers own efforts to reframe the environments, object worlds, and orders of time within which they were positioned. By creating suggestive equivalences between themselves and other military personnel, they sought to lift themselves from the status of coolies to that of participants in a common project of war service. At the same time, they indicated that they had not put their persons at the disposal of the state in exactly the same way as the sepoy.

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