scholarly journals The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension — vessel wall ischemia as the driving force in disease initiation and progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Emma Heise ◽  
◽  
Leonid Churilov ◽  
Tatiana Novitskaya ◽  
Piotr Yablonsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
Disease Initiation

Surgeons are not trained to decipher the pathogenesis of diseases, which they operate on. They are used to repair, remove, or replace defective tissues and organs. Yet, we often see typical pathomorphological or pathophysiological phenomena, characteristic of a specific disorder that can only be observed during surgery. Such patterns would not be recognized easily by current imaging techniques, and their visibility would require a living organism. In modern terminology, one could call them “surgical biomarkers”. Many disease entities, today, are still not completely deciphered regarding initial links of their pathogenesis, despite decades of experimental and clinical research. In such disorders, characteristically named “idiopathic”, surgical observations may be helpful to clarify disease mechanisms, two of which we offer here for one of these disease entities, namely pulmonary hypertension.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: What’s New in Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Research: Lessons from the Best Abstracts at the 2020 American Thoracic Society International Conference

2021 ◽  
pp. 204589402110407
Author(s):  
Andrew J Sweatt ◽  
Raju Reddy ◽  
Farbod Rahaghi ◽  
Nadine Al-Naamani
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
American Thoracic Society ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

In this conference paper, we review the 2020 American Thoracic Society (ATS) International Conference session titled, “What’s New in Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Research: Lessons from the Best Abstracts”. This virtual mini-symposium took place on October 21, 2020, in lieu of the annual in-person ATS International Conference which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven clinical research abstracts were selected for presentation in the session, which encompassed five major themes: (1) standardizing diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension, (2) improving risk assessment in pulmonary arterial hypertension, (3) evaluating biomarkers of disease activity, (4) understanding metabolic dysregulation across the spectrum of pulmonary hypertension, and (5) advancing knowledge in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Focusing on these five thematic contexts we review the current state of knowledge, summarize presented research abstracts, appraise their significance and limitations, and then discuss relevant future directions in pulmonary hypertension clinical research.

scholarly journals Multiphoton Microscopy for Ophthalmic Imaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Gibson ◽  
Omid Masihzadeh ◽  
Tim C. Lei ◽  
David A. Ammar ◽  
Malik Y. Kahook
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Imaging ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Ophthalmic Imaging ◽  
Anti Stokes

We review multiphoton microscopy (MPM) including two-photon autofluorescence (2PAF), second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), fluorescence lifetime (FLIM), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) with relevance to clinical applications in ophthalmology. The different imaging modalities are discussed highlighting the particular strength that each has for functional tissue imaging. MPM is compared with current clinical ophthalmological imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging. In addition, we discuss the future prospects for MPM in disease detection and clinical monitoring of disease progression, understanding fundamental disease mechanisms, and real-time monitoring of drug delivery.

scholarly journals Current and emerging imaging techniques in the diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary hypertension

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Johns ◽  
Jim M. Wild ◽  
Smitha Rajaram ◽  
Andy J. Swift ◽  
David G. Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Imaging Techniques

Hypoxia-Induced Changes in the Mechanical Properties of the Mouse Pulmonary Artery

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Kobs ◽  
Nidal E. Muvarak ◽  
Naomi C. Chesler
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Collagen Content ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Induced Changes

Hypobaric hypoxia produces pulmonary hypertension in mice which causes pulmonary vascular remodeling. To study the biomechanics of this process, mice were exposed to hypoxia for 0-(control), 10-, and 15-days. Using a pressurized arteriograph system, mechanical properties of the main pulmonary artery were measured and compared to the biological changes in the vessel wall measured histologically. 10- and 15-day hypoxic vessels were significantly stiffer when compared to 0-day vessels. This stiffness correlated with greater elastin and collagen content in the vessel wall.

scholarly journals Atherosclerosis and the Capillary Network; Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Ziegler ◽  
Farah Abdel Rahman ◽  
Victoria Jurisch ◽  
Christian Kupatt
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
Key Drivers

Atherosclerosis and associated ischemic organ dysfunction represent the number one cause of mortality worldwide. While the key drivers of atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus, are well known disease entities and their contribution to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques are intensively studied and well understood, less effort is put on the effect of these disease states on microvascular structure an integrity. In this review we summarize the pathological changes occurring in the vascular system in response to prolonged exposure to these major risk factors, with a particular focus on the differences between these pathological alterations of the vessel wall in larger arteries as compared to the microcirculation. Furthermore, we intend to highlight potential therapeutic strategies to improve microvascular function during atherosclerotic vessel disease.

scholarly journals Neurohormonal modulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension

2021 ◽  
pp. 2004633
Author(s):  
Eva L. Peters ◽  
Harm Jan Bogaard ◽  
Anton Vonk Noordegraaf ◽  
Frances S. de Man
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Right Heart Failure ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Treatment Responses ◽  
Disease Stages

Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal condition of elevated pulmonary pressures, complicated by right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension appears in various forms; one of those is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is particularly characterised by progressive remodelling and obstruction of the smaller pulmonary vessels. Neurohormonal imbalance in these patients is associated with worse prognosis and survival. In this back-to-basics review on neurohormonal modulation in PAH, we provide an overview of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies that have been tested preclinically and clinically. The benefit of neurohormonal modulation strategies in PAH patients has been limited by lack of insight in how the neurohormonal system is changed throughout the disease and difficulties in translation from animal models to human trials. We propose that longitudinal and individual assessments of neurohormonal status are required to improve timing and specificity of neurohormonal modulation strategies. Ongoing developments in imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) may become helpful to determine neurohormonal status in PAH patients in different disease stages and optimise individual treatment responses.

scholarly journals STROKE – CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CLINICAL EXAMINATION, IMAGING FINDINGS AND MICROSCOPICAL ASPECTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Anca Hancu ◽  
◽  
Mariana Deacu ◽  
Madalina Bosoteanu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is the most frequent cause of disability among the neurologic diseases of the adult. In the last two decades, the extraordinary development of brain imaging techniques allows the rapid recognition of normal, ischemic, infarction or hemorrhagic brain tissue. The term cerebrovascular disease designates any abnormality of the brain resulting from a pathological process of the blood vessels, including occlusion by embolus or thrombus, rupture of a vessel, an altered permeability of the vessel wall, or increased viscosity or other changes in quality of the blood flowing through the cerebral vessels. The clinical, imagistic and histological correlations in the study of arteriosclerosis are very important due to the fact that cardiovascular disease and stroke are the main causes of death in developped countries. Our study consists of a group of 36 patients admitted in the Neurology department of Constanta County Emergency Hospital in the first six months of 2012 with the diagnosis of acute stroke, which died within the first 5 days from admission. The studied group was divided into four subgroups, according to the CT scan findings and clinical examination on admission and the autopsy results. In the sudden death cases that had no acute lesions on the brain CT on admission, histological examination revealed the diagnosis. In all cases, histological examination included in showed atherosclerotic modifications of cerebral and peripheral vessels (the circle of Willis arteries, coronary arteries, aorta and renal arteries).

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