scholarly journals “The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Rafał Rosół ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Form ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Byzantine

This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Ergativity in Iranian Languages

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadgar KARIMI
Keyword(s):  
Past Participle ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian

This paper presents an attempt to investigate the origins of ergativity in Iranian languages, drawing upon diachronic and synchronic analyses. In so doing, I will trace the development of the ergative structure back to Old and Middle Persian where, it is argued, the roots of ergativity lie. I will specifically show that the ergative pattern as currently obtained in the grammatical structure of some Iranian languages has evolved from a periphrastic past participle construction, the analogue of which is attested in Old Persian. It will further be argued that the predecessor past participle construction imparted a resultative construal in Old Persian and, subsequently, in the transition to Middle Persian, has assumed a simple past reading. The bottom-line of the analysis will be represented as a proposal regarding the nature of the ergative verb, to the effect that an ergative verb, as opposed to a regular (non-ergative) transitive verb, is semantically transitive, but syntactically intransitive.

Satzspaltung im Avestischen und Altpersischen (mit einem Ausblick auf das Mittelpersische)

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Paul Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian

AbstractThis paper investigates the formal and functional properties of cleft sentences in Avestan and Old Persian, a construction whose existence has not been recognised in these languages hitherto. In Avestan, cleft sentences mainly function as focussing device, whereas in Old Persian, their principal function consists in the structuring of information on a text level. It is, furthermore, pointed to the fact that the usage of cleft sentences increases considerably in Middle Persian where this construction developed a much wider range of formal and functional properties as compared to the older stages of Iranian.

scholarly journals A theory of the combustion of hydrocarbons

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (869) ◽  
pp. 36-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Period ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
Slow Combustion ◽  
Chain Character ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
First Time

A comprehensive theory of the combustion of hydrocarbons must describe in detail all the analytic and kinetic data. Up to the present no such theory has been proposed, for though the hydroxylation theory of Bone and his school has been very successful in the former field, it is inadequate in its original form to take account of the latter. In the present paper it is shown that a comparatively small modification, involving the introduction of the conception of chain propagation by free radicals, remedies the earlier deficiency and makes possible for the first time a detailed description of the widely varied phenomena of combustion. The work of Egerton, Hinshelwood, Haber, Semenoff and others has led to the recognition that both rapid and slow combustion are autocatalytic in character, the reaction being propagated through the gas from certain initial centres, so that from every centre started by the primary mechanism, a great many molecules of hydrocarbon are oxidized. The first attempt to interpret the chain character in terms of a concrete theory is embodied in the suggestion of Egerton who has extended the peroxidation theory of Callendar to include an energy-chain mechanism by way of which reactivity is handed on from the active products (peroxides) to new reactant molecules. This theory and its various modifications, however, is unsatisfactory in more than one kinetic aspect, the effect of inert gases in particular being the reverse of the deactivation to be expected for an “energy” chain. Moreover, the peroxidation theory is not reconcilable in all respects with the analytical data, for while the induction period has been interpreted as a period of peroxide building no evidence of any such peroxide formation at this stage has been established, nor is the induction period affected by the addition of any such bodies. There thus arises the need of some further attempt to bring the analytic and kinetic data into relation with one another and in the hypothesis developed below, which we shall call the “atomic chain hypothesis,” it is believed that we have a simple explana­tion which encompasses both the analytical and kinetic results in an adequate manner.

scholarly journals Micro-analytical studies of discontinuous precipitation in Fe-13.5 at.% Zn alloy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Zięba ◽  
Mateusz Chronowski ◽  
Jerzy Morgiel
Keyword(s):  
Volume Diffusion ◽  
Discontinuous Precipitation ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
First Time ◽  
Zn Alloy ◽  
Boundary Diffusivity

Abstract For the first time, the analytical electron microscopy has been used to determine the solute concentration profiles left behind the moving reaction front (RF) of the discontinuous precipitation (DP) reaction in a Fe-13.5 at.% Zn alloy. These profiles have been converted into grain boundary diffusivity (sδDb) values, using Cahn’s diffusion equation in its original form and the data of the growth rate of the discontinuous precipitates obtained from independent measurements. This approach has essentially removed existing difference in comparison to sδDb values obtained from Cahn′s simplified and Petermann–Hornbogen models relevant for the global approach to the DP. Simultaneously, the local values of sδDb have been up to 8–10 orders of magnitude higher than the data for volume diffusion coefficients and much greater than for diffusion at the stationary grain boundaries of Zn in pure Fe. This is clear indication that the rate controlling factor for DP reaction in the Fe-13 at.% Zn alloy is diffusion at the moving RF.

scholarly journals Metabolism of flavone C-glucosides and p-coumaric acid from antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xiaowei Tie ◽  
Bili Bao ◽  
Xiaoqin Wu ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
First Time

The metabolism of flavone C-glucosides and p-coumaric acid from antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) in rats is discussed systematically in the present study. Following single oral administration of AOB, p-coumaric acid was detected in plasma but not in gastrointestinal tract extracts and faeces, and the corresponding absorption pharmacokinetic curve at different time points showed a prolonged elimination phase with p-coumaric acid being detected in the kidneys and excreted as its original form (1·80 (sd 0·24) % and 1·90 (sd 0·26) % at 12 and 24 h, respectively). However, the four flavone C-glucosides orientin, homoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin were poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. More than 50 % recovery of flavone C-glucosides was determined at 12 h and faeces containing these four analytes (21·23 (sd 1·92) %) were excreted at 24 h. These data suggested that the effective time these compounds were in the colon was long enough so that they could exert their antioxidant activity and scavenge free radicals. Besides the excretion of the original forms, moieties of the flavone C-glucosides were hydrolysed by deglycosylation and the opening of the heterocyclic C ring. Some small molecules such as phloroglucinol (PG), hydrocaffeic acid (HCA) and phloretic acid (PA) were detected and identified as metabolites of the flavone C-glucosides. In the present work, we compared the metabolic fate of flavone C-glucosides to that of flavone O-glucosides in rats, and evaluated the absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of flavone C-glucosides in AOB on their metabolism for the first time.

scholarly journals Flaying Angels: Аn Early Byzantine Edifying Tale Preserved Only in Slavic Translation

Slovene ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
First Time ◽  
Early Byzantine

On the basis of four existing manuscripts, a Byzantine “spiritually beneficial tale” is published for the first time. This is an obvious translation from Greek but its original is nowhere attested. The action takes place in Jerusalem and its surroundings, the actors are pre-Islamic Arabs. In all probability, the story was written down at the beginning of the 6th century; the hidden message of the legend is the questionability of “barbaric” conversions as such.

scholarly journals A Thematic and Etymological Glossary of Aquatic and Bird Genera Names in Iranian Bundahišm

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Golnar Ghalekhani ◽  
Mahdi Khaksar
Keyword(s):  
Persian Language ◽  
Animal Names ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Animal Category ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this study is to present a thematic and etymological glossary of aquatic and bird genera names which have been mentioned in Iranian Bundahišn. In this research, after arranging animal names in Persian alphabetic order in their respective genus, first the transliteration and transcription of animal names in middle Persian language are provided. Afterwards, the part of Bundahišn that contains the actual animal names and the relevant translations are mentioned. The etymology of every animal name is described by considering the morphemic source. Finally, mention is made of the mythology connected to the animal and the animal category in Iranian Bundahišn (if available), and the way in which the words have changed from Old Persian up to now. Changes in the name of every animal from the ancient languages such as Indo-European, Sanskrit, Old Persian and Avestan to middle languages such as Pahlavi, Sogdian, Khotanese, and Chorasmian and how the name appears in new Iranian languages and dialects such as Behdini (Gabri), Kurdi, Baluchi and Yaghnobi are also referred to.

scholarly journals Contributions to a relative chronology of Persian

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Agnes Korn
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Abstract Old Persian shows a change of postconsonantal y, w to iy, uw, respectively. However, if one applies (pre-)Middle Persian sound changes to the Old Persian forms, the result is at variance with certain Middle Persian forms. If one were to assume a syncope reversing the Old Persian change of y, w to iy, uw, this would also affect old cases of iy, uw and likewise yield incorrect results for Middle Persian. The Old Persian change can thus not have operated in the prehistory of Middle Persian, and there is a dialectal difference between attested Old Persian and the later stages of the language, which is to be added to those already noted. The paper also discusses some sound changes that are connected to the Old Persian change in one way or the other. Cases in point are the processes called Epenthesis and Umlaut in previous scholarship, which this article suggests to interpret as occurring in different contexts and in different periods. The former is limited to Vry, which yields Vir and feeds into a monophthongisation that, as shown by some late Old Persian word forms, occurred within Achaemenid times, giving ēr and īr from ary and əry. Epenthesis did not occur in the prehistory of Parthian, whereas the monophthongisation did. The Appendix presents a tentative sequence of the processes discussed in this article, which is intended as a contribution to the relative chronology of Persian historical phonology.

Two Protodynastic Objects in Brussels and the Origin of the Bilobate Cult-Sign of Neith

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Hendrickx
Keyword(s):  
Original Form ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Click Beetle

New publication and discussion of two fragmentary stone objects of Protodynastic date in the Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire in Brussels, together with a further fragment from one of them, found a few years ago in the excavations of the DAIK at Umm el-Qa'ab. The carved decoration of both includes representations of the click beetle (Agrypnus notodonta Latr.), sacred to Neith. From their iconography, it is suggested that the bilobate cult-sign of Neith originally consisted of the image of two click beetles, flanking two crossed arrows attached to a pole. Three different symbols of Neith can be distinguished during the Protodynastic Period: the bilobate object, two crossed arrows, and two bows tied together. The original meaning of the bilobate object seems to have been forgotten before the end of the Old Kingdom, and during the Middle Kingdom it lost its original form and was henceforward depicted as an oval. The significance given to it at that time remains open to discussion, but its traditional identification as a shield is most probably the result of the far more recent assimilation of Neith to the Greek goddess Athena.

Parthian moγ and Middle Persian moγ/mow in Light of Earlier Eastern and Western Iranian Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-271
Author(s):  
Antonio Panaino
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian

The present article analyses the historical importance assumed by Parthian and Middle Persian moγ/mow (and related words) in the framework of the religious and administrative language of Late Antiquity despite its seemingly absolute absence in the Avestan Sprachgut. Although moγ should be reasonably considered as a word of (prominent) Western Iranian derivation, i.e. from Median and Old Persian magu-, the progressive phonetic evolution toward a spelling, such as that of early Parthian and Middle Persian *moγ(u)- created a fitting resonance with a rare Avestan word (in its turn probably nonexistent in the older strata of the language, if not even a Western loanword itself), specifically moγu-°, which is attested only in the Y.Av. compound moγu.tb̰ iš-. The rising weight assumed by the priestly college of the Magi in secular activities already during the Achaemenian period promoted the preservation of this title also after the diffusion of the Avestan liturgy in Western Iran. This development also ensured that the designation of *moγ(u)- became extended to the whole family of the Zoroastrian priests following the Avestan tradition.

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