scholarly journals Contributions to a relative chronology of Persian

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Agnes Korn
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Abstract Old Persian shows a change of postconsonantal y, w to iy, uw, respectively. However, if one applies (pre-)Middle Persian sound changes to the Old Persian forms, the result is at variance with certain Middle Persian forms. If one were to assume a syncope reversing the Old Persian change of y, w to iy, uw, this would also affect old cases of iy, uw and likewise yield incorrect results for Middle Persian. The Old Persian change can thus not have operated in the prehistory of Middle Persian, and there is a dialectal difference between attested Old Persian and the later stages of the language, which is to be added to those already noted. The paper also discusses some sound changes that are connected to the Old Persian change in one way or the other. Cases in point are the processes called Epenthesis and Umlaut in previous scholarship, which this article suggests to interpret as occurring in different contexts and in different periods. The former is limited to Vry, which yields Vir and feeds into a monophthongisation that, as shown by some late Old Persian word forms, occurred within Achaemenid times, giving ēr and īr from ary and əry. Epenthesis did not occur in the prehistory of Parthian, whereas the monophthongisation did. The Appendix presents a tentative sequence of the processes discussed in this article, which is intended as a contribution to the relative chronology of Persian historical phonology.

scholarly journals The ‘Other’ gumēzišn. About the Final ‘Merger’ of Limited Time with Eternity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
ANTONIO PANAINO
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
The World ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Technical Terms

The Middle Persian (MP) verb gumēxtan, gumēz- [gwmyhtn', gymyc-], despite its Indo-Iranian and Indo-European origins, does not offer attestations in Avestan and Old Persian. This is a very peculiar fact, because in particular a nominal derivative of this verbal stem, gumēzišn [gwmyck'], became one of the most sensible technical terms adopted in the framework of the Mazdean cosmology and theology. We can briefly recall that the gumēzišn concerns the ‘state of mixture’, the mélange produced by the irruption of Ahreman in the primordial good creation of Ohrmazd, when he pierced the heavens and entered the world.

Timaeus 38A8–B5

1957 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Cherniss
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Opinion ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
First Time

In a recent article written by Mr. G. E. L. Owen to prove that contrary to the general current opinion the composition of theTimaeusmust have antedated that of theParmenidesand its dialectical successors, it is contended that when theTimaeuswas written the analysis of negation given in theSophistcould not yet have been worked out. ‘For’, Mr. Owen writes, ‘the tenet on which the whole new account of negation is based, namely thatτὸ μὴ ὄν ἔστιν ὄντως μὴ ὄν(Soph.254D1), is contradicted unreservedly by Timaeus' assertion that it is illegitimate to sayτὸ μὴ ὄν ἔστι μὴ ὄν(38B2–3); and thereby theTimaeusat once ranks itself with theRepublicandEuthydemus.'After brushing aside Cornford's attempt to reconcile this passage of theTimaeuswith theSophist, Mr. Owen concludes his treatment of it with the words: ‘So theTimaeusdoes not tally with even a fragment of the argument in theSophist.That argument is successful against exactly the Eleatic error which, for lack of the later challenge to Father Parmenides, persists in theTimaeus.’An examination of the other arguments put forward by Mr. Owen in support of his thesis concerning the relative chronology of theTimaeusI reserve for another place. Here I propose to consider only the meaning of this one passage and whether it really does imply that theTimaeusmust have been written before Plato had conceived the doctrine enunciated in theSophist.It is a question not now raised for the first time. More than half a century ago Otto Apelt asserted that this passage of theTimaeusis enough to prove that work earlier than theSophists.His assertion did not go unchallenged; and Apelt himself appears to have lost his original confidence in it, for in his later writings on the relative chronology of the two dialogues he did not again refer to it.

The grand platform of Huangchengtai at Shimao site in Shenmu, Shaanxi

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The Core ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Multiple Contexts ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Stone Carvings ◽  
Longshan Period

Abstract Remains of the grand platform in the locus of Huangchengtai at Shimao site in Shenmu, Shaanxi was discovered and excavated during the 2018–2019 season. The south-eastern corner and southern buttress of the platform were revealed. The locations of the other three sides of the buttresses were also preliminarily confirmed. As many as 70 stone carvings were discovered from multiple contexts, including the surface of the southern buttress, the floor of the corridor, as well as the debris of the southern buttress inside the corridor. The relative chronology of this platform and stone carvings cannot be later than the late Longshan period. The absolute date ranges from 2000 BCE to 1800 BCE. Fieldwork performed at the grand platform encourages multiple archaeological discussions, including the settlement layout within the Huangchengtai area, the nature of the settlement, and its role as the core of the Shimao site.

The Principles Of Typological Study Of Transposition In The Uzbek And Korean Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Nazarova Shakhlo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Stability

Like Uzbek, Korean belongs to the Altaic language family, and the sources assume that: a) Korean word forms are agglutinative schemes based on the stem + affix, b) sentences are based on the syntactic scheme of “possessive + second part + cut”, c) the stability of word stress and expiratory character, etc. Additionaly in a word structure the following can be divided: 1) 뾐ꭅ덽: 뾐 + ꭅ + 덽 ; 頝ꃝꍡ겑꽽鲙: 頝 + -ꃝꍡ- + -겑- + -꽽- + -鲙such that cores and appendages can be joined one after the other and separated; 2) according to the function of affix morphemes, «뾐-, -덽-, -ꃝꍡ-» word building, «-겑-, -꽽-, -鲙» 3) the formation of transpositive and non-transpositive artificial words by means of word-forming suffixes, 4) the relative freedom of the transpositive connection between independent, auxiliary words and morphemes also point to this genetic connection.

scholarly journals Coordinating nominal compounds: Universal vs. areal tendencies

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Francesco Arcodia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
The One ◽  
Referential Function

AbstractCoordinating compounds, i.e. complex word forms in which the constituent lexemes are in a coordination relation, may be divided into two classes: hyperonymic, in which the referent of the whole compound is the “sum” of the meanings of the constituent lexemes (Korowaiyumdefól‘(her) husband-wife, couple’; van Enk, Gerrit J., & Lourens de Vries. 1997.The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their language in its cultural context. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 66), and hyponymic, where the compound designates a single referent having features of all the constituents (Englishactor-director). It has been proposed that languages choose either type as the one with the “tightest” marking pattern; whereas the crosslinguistic tendency is to have tighter hyperonymic compounds, most languages of Europe rather have tighter hyponymic compounds (Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco, Nicola Grandi, & Bernhard Wälchli 2010. Coordination in compounding. In Sergio Scalise & Irene Vogel (eds.),Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding, 177–198. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins). In this paper, we will test this assumption on noun-noun compounds in a sample of 20 Standard Average European languages and in a balanced sample of 60 non-SAE languages, arguing that the preference for hyperonymic compounds is best explained by the default referential function of nouns; in hyponymic compounds, on the other hand, nouns are used to indicate properties. We will then compare nominal and adjectival coordinating compounds, showing that for the latter the hyponymic compounding pattern is the dominant one, as adjectives are prototypical property-denoting words.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Ergativity in Iranian Languages

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadgar KARIMI
Keyword(s):  
Past Participle ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian

This paper presents an attempt to investigate the origins of ergativity in Iranian languages, drawing upon diachronic and synchronic analyses. In so doing, I will trace the development of the ergative structure back to Old and Middle Persian where, it is argued, the roots of ergativity lie. I will specifically show that the ergative pattern as currently obtained in the grammatical structure of some Iranian languages has evolved from a periphrastic past participle construction, the analogue of which is attested in Old Persian. It will further be argued that the predecessor past participle construction imparted a resultative construal in Old Persian and, subsequently, in the transition to Middle Persian, has assumed a simple past reading. The bottom-line of the analysis will be represented as a proposal regarding the nature of the ergative verb, to the effect that an ergative verb, as opposed to a regular (non-ergative) transitive verb, is semantically transitive, but syntactically intransitive.

Satzspaltung im Avestischen und Altpersischen (mit einem Ausblick auf das Mittelpersische)

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Paul Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian

AbstractThis paper investigates the formal and functional properties of cleft sentences in Avestan and Old Persian, a construction whose existence has not been recognised in these languages hitherto. In Avestan, cleft sentences mainly function as focussing device, whereas in Old Persian, their principal function consists in the structuring of information on a text level. It is, furthermore, pointed to the fact that the usage of cleft sentences increases considerably in Middle Persian where this construction developed a much wider range of formal and functional properties as compared to the older stages of Iranian.

Sound and the masters: The aural in Indian art cinema

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Indranil Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sound Recording ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
Indian Cinema ◽  
Contested Terrain ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Previous Scholarship ◽  
Satyajit Ray ◽  
Indian Art

The study of art cinema has emerged as a richly discursive, but, at the same time, a deeply contested terrain in recent film scholarship. This article examines the discourse of art cinema in India through the prism of sound style and aesthetics. It analyses the sonic strategies deployed in the films of Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen and Mani Kaul, in order to identify the dominant stylistic impulses of sound in art cinema, ranging from Brechtian epic realism on one hand to Indian aesthetic theories on the other. Locating sound as a key element in the discourse of art cinema, the article surveys the different modes through which aesthetic philosophies were translated into formal strategies of sound recording, designing and mixing. Using previous scholarship on art cinema in India as the point of departure, this study combines theoretically informed textual analysis with new historical insights on Indian cinema.

Review of Hill (2019): The Historical Phonology of Tibetan, Burmese, and Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Giorgio (Georg) Orlandi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Abstract The book under review serves as a significant contribution to the field of Trans-Himalayan linguistics. Designed as a vade mecum for readers with little linguistic background in these three languages, Nathan W. Hill’s work attempts, on the one hand, a systematic exploration of the shared history of Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese, and, on the other, a general introduction to the reader interested in obtaining an overall understanding of the state of the art of the historical phonology of these three languages. Whilst it is acknowledged that the book in question has the potential to be a solid contribution to the field, it is also felt that few minor issues can be also addressed.

QUELQUES CHANGEMENTS PHONETIQUES DANS LES CONSONNES INITIALES DES DIALECTES GAN

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-163
Author(s):  
Laurent Sagart
Keyword(s):  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Points Of View

This article is a study of some of the sound changes which have affected the initial consonants in the Gan dialects. The changes are studied from the points of view of conditioning, geography, motivation and relative chronology. A distinction between northern and southern Gan is proposed.

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