Features of the Innovative Model of Economic Development and the Growing Role of Education Therein

The growing importance of innovations in the economy has turned them into a more important factor in production and consumption, structural changes, economic dynamics, competitiveness, and social development. This has gained a paradigm importance and has led to the emergence of an innovative model of economic development, the peculiarities of which being the topic that the article is concerned with. Taking into account the dependence of innovations on the generation and dissemination of new knowledge, the article emphasizes the critical importance of the productivity of science and the quality of education. This is confirmed by global trends and finds a manifestation in the development strategies of the countries and companies. In this context, a modern understanding of innovations and the basis of their emergence, which is connected with knowledge and creativity, has been closer defined. The authors characterize the main features of innovation, in particular: cumulativeness, chain character, integration of practical and theoretical knowledge, duration of «maturation» and emergence of innovation, uncertainty, collectivity, uneven appearance in time and concentration in space, propensity towards conflict. A vision of the process of developing innovations by stages covered by system management is proposed. The main models of emergence of innovation together with the model of innovation process (the model of extraction through demand (market); the model of «needs seekers»; the model of «readers of market information»; the model of technological nudging; the cyclical model of innovations; the model of open innovations; the chain and interactive model of innovation process; the innovative model of «funnel»; the network model of innovation) are described. A number of features of the innovative model of economic development are allocated: recognition of innovation as the most important factor of economic growth; constant interaction of production, science and market, focused on the development of innovations; defining role of human capital; structural changes in the system of social production; domination of the innovative nature of competition in the modern economy; development of innovative entrepreneurship. On the basis of the formation of an innovative model of development, the growing role of science and education, the modern economy is characterized as an economy of knowledge; the main points of its concept are considered. An increase in the influence of education in the innovation model of the economy in terms of generating and disseminating new knowledge in order to intensify innovation is substantiated.

Controlled biomineralization of magnetite (Fe3O4) byMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

Results from a study of the chemical composition and micro-structural characteristics of bacterial magnetosomes extracted from the magnetotactic bacterial strainMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldenseare presented here. Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy combined with selected-area electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, biogenic magnetite particles isolated from mature cultures were analysed for variations in crystallinity and particle size, as well as chain character and length. The analysed crystals showed a narrow size range (~14—67 nm) with an average diameter of 46±6.8 nm, cuboctahedral morphologies and typicalGammatype crystal size distributions. The magnetite particles exhibited a high chemical purity (exclusively Fe3O4) and the majority fall within the single-magnetic-domain range.

SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL Y-TYPE POLYURETHANES WITH HIGH THERMAL STABILITY OF DIPOLE ALIGNMENT AND THEIR ELECTRO-OPTIC PROPERTIES

3,4-di-(2′-hydroxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (3) was prepared and condensed with 2,4-toluenediisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate and 3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylenediisocyanate to yield novel Y-type polyurethanes (4-6) containing 3,4-dioxybenzylidenemalononitrile groups as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, which are parts of the polymer backbones. The resulting polyurethanes 4-6 were soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and DMSO. Polymers 4-6 exhibited a thermal stability up to 260°C from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with T g values in the range of 96–152°C. The SHG coefficients (d33) of poled polymer films were around 6.8 × 10-9 esu. These poled polymers exhibited a high thermal stability of dipole alignment even at 20°C higher than T g , and no SHG decay was observed below 175°C due to the partial main chain character of the polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications.

Introduction

A polymer is a very-long-chain macromolecule in which hundreds or thousands of atoms are linked together to form a one-dimensional array. The skeletal atoms usually bear side groups, often two in number, which can be as small as hydrogen, chlorine, or fluorine atoms or as large as aryl or long-chain alkyl units. Polymers are different from other molecules because the long-chain character allows the chains to become entangled in solution or in the solid state or, for specific macromolecular structures, to become lined up in regular arrays in the solid state. These molecular characteristics give rise to solid-state materials properties, such as strength, elasticity, fiber-forming qualities, or film-forming properties, that are not found for small molecule systems. The molecular weights of polymers are normally so high that, for all practical purposes, they are nonvolatile. These characteristics underlie the widespread use of polymers in all aspects of modern technology. Attempts to understand the relationship between the macromolecular structure and the unusual properties characterize much of the fundamental science in this field. Polymers are among the most complicated molecules known. They may contain thousands of atoms in the main chain, plus complex clusters of atoms that form the side groups attached to the skeletal units. How, then, can we depict such molecules in a manner that is easy to comprehend? First, an enormous simplification can be achieved if we remember that most synthetic polymers contain a fairly simple structure that repeats over and over down the chain. This simplest repetitive structure is known as the repeating unit, and it provides the basis for an uncomplicated representation of the structure of the whole polymer. For example, suppose that a polymer consists of a long chain of atoms of type A, to which are attached side groups, R. The polymer chain can be represented by the formula shown in 1.1. The two horizontal lines represent the bonds of the main chain. The brackets (or parentheses) indicate that the structure repeats many times. The actual number of repeating units present is normally not specified, but is represented by the subscript, n.