Recovery of somatic coliphages in wastewater and seawater samples in relation to bacterial indicator organisms and water hydrochemical parameters in Kaiet Bay station, Alexandria

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiza A. Fattouh ◽  
Mohamed A. El Shenawy ◽  
Sahar W. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Seawater Samples

Survival of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric viruses in the Mediterranean coastal waters off Tel-Aviv

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badri Fattal ◽  
Robert J. Vasl ◽  
Eliyahu Katzenelson ◽  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Global occurrence of Torque teno virus in water systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Charest ◽  
J. D. Plummer ◽  
S. C. Long ◽  
A. Carducci ◽  
M. Verani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Torque Teno Virus ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Male Specific

Bacterial indicator organisms are used globally to assess the microbiological safety of waters. However, waterborne viral outbreaks have occurred in drinking water systems despite negative bacterial results. Using viral markers may therefore provide more accurate health risk assessment data. In this study, fecal, wastewater, stormwater, surface water (fresh and salt), groundwater, and drinking water samples were analyzed for the presence or concentration of traditional indicators, innovative indicators and viral markers. Samples were obtained in the United States, Italy, and Australia and results compared to those reported for studies conducted in Asia and South America as well. Indicators included total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, male-specific coliphages, somatic coliphages and microviradae. Viral markers included adenovirus, polyomavirus, and a potential new surrogate, Torque teno virus (TTV). TTV was more frequently found in wastewaters (38–100%) and waters influenced by waste discharges (25%) than in surface waters used as drinking water sources (5%). TTV was also specific to human rather than animal feces. While TTV numbers were strongly correlated to other viral markers in wastewaters, suggesting its utility as a fecal contamination marker, data limitations and TTV presence in treated drinking waters demonstrates that additional research is needed on this potential viral indicator.

scholarly journals Diversity of Somatic Coliphages in Coastal Regions with Different Levels of Anthropogenic Activity in São Paulo State, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 4208-4216 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Burbano-Rosero ◽  
M. Ueda-Ito ◽  
J. J. Kisielius ◽  
T. K. Nagasse-Sugahara ◽  
B. C. Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTBacteriophages are the most abundant and genetically diverse viruses on Earth, with complex ecology in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Somatic coliphages (SC) have been reported to be good indicators of fecal pollution in seawater. This study focused on determining the concentration of SC and their diversity by electron microscopy of seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected at three coastal regions in São Paulo, Brazil. The SC counts varied from <1 to 3.4 × 103PFU/100 ml in seawater (73 samples tested), from <1 to 4.7 × 102PFU/g in plankton (46 samples tested), and from <1 to 2.2 × 101PFU/g in bivalves (11 samples tested). In seawater samples, a relationship between the thermotolerant coliforms andEscherichia coliand SC was observed at the three regions (P= 0.0001) according to the anthropogenic activities present at each region. However, SC were found in plankton samples from three regions: Baixada Santista (17/20), Canal de São Sebastião (6/14), and Ubatuba (3/12). In seawater samples collected from Baixada Santista, four morphotypes were observed: A1 (4.5%), B1 (50%), C1 (36.4%), and D1 (9.1%). One coliphage,Siphoviridaetype T1, had the longest tail: between 939 and 995 nm. In plankton samples,Siphoviridae(65.8%),Podoviridae(15.8%),Microviridae(15.8%), andMyoviridae(2.6%) were found. In bivalves, only the morphotype B1 was observed. These SC were associated with enteric hosts: enterobacteria,E. coli,Proteus,Salmonella, andYersinia. Baixada Santista is an area containing a high level of fecal pollution compared to those in the Canal de São Sebastião and Ubatuba. This is the first report of coliphage diversity in seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected from São Paulo coastal regions. A better characterization of SC diversity in coastal environments will help with the management and evaluation of the microbiological risks for recreation, seafood cultivation, and consumption.

Microbial indicator removal in onsite constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the southeastern U.S.

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Barrett ◽  
M.D. Sobsey ◽  
C.H. House ◽  
K.D. White
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Wastewater Indicator ◽  
Male Specific

Seven onsite constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the coastal plains of Alabama and North Carolina were studied from September 1997 to July 1998. Each site was examined for its ability to remove a range of fecal contamination indicators from settled wastewater. Indicator organisms include total and fecal coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic and male-specific (F+) coliphages. Four identical domestic wastewater treatment sites in Alabama were evaluated. In these sites the Log10 geometric mean reductions ranged between 0.5 and 2.6 for total and fecal coliforms, 0.1 and 1.5 for enterococci, 1.2 to 2.7 for C. perfringens, -0.3 and 1.2 for somatic coliphages, and -0.2 and 2.2 for F+ coliphages. Three unique designs were examined in North Carolina. Log10 geometric mean reductions ranged between 0.8 to 4.2 for total and fecal coliforms, 0.3 to 2.9 for enterococci, 1.6 to 2.9 for C. perfringens, -0.2 and 2.8 for somatic coliphages, and -0.1 and 1.5 for F+ coliphages. Somatic and F+ coliphage detection was highly variable from month to month.

The Health of Sydney Surfers: An Epidemiological Study

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Harrington ◽  
D. N. Wilcox ◽  
P. S. Giles ◽  
N. J. Ashbolt ◽  
J. C. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Water Board ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Recreational Use ◽  
North And South

This study forms part of a three year prospective cohort research project which began with a pilot trial in the summer of 1989/1990. The study proper will span the summers of 1990/91, 1991/92 and 1992/93. In response to environmental concerns about sewage ocean outfalls, the Water Board commissioned this study of recreational use of six popular surfing beaches located north and south of Sydney Harbour. A survey sample of 2003 recruits was enrolled on which 43,175 swimming events were recorded. Of these, 5879 (14%) had possibly attributable illness. A rise in relative risks was noted for total illness and respiratory illness but not for gastrointestinal illness. The relative risks for total illness in males rose from 1.79 in high frequency beach swimmers to 2.26 when high frequency beach swimming was combined with swimming at non-ocean sites. Females showed an increase in reported illness when beach swimming was combined with non-ocean swimming. This study lends no support to the concept of correlating health risk in swimmers with threshold levels of currently used bacterial indicator organisms. The value of further exploring the role of Clostridium perfringens as an indicator organism is supported.

Correlations of the Protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with Water Quality Variables in a Watershed

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan B. Rose ◽  
Hamid Darbin ◽  
Charles P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescent ◽  
Enteric Protozoa

A watershed in the western United States was surveyed biweekly for a year for the protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Parasite samples were collected using filtration of 200-1000 L of water, eluted by washing the filter, concentrated and clarified with density gradients. Oocyst and cysts were detected using monoclonal antibodies, in a direct or indirect immunofluorescent assay. The organisms were enumerated on membrane filters using epi-fluorescent microscopy. Number of organisms per liter of water were then calculated. Grab samples were analyzed for total and fecal coliform concentrations as well as turbidities. After log10(y+1.0) transformations, Pearson's correlation coefficients were derived for each variable against all others. From 39 samples, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 20 and 12 of the samples, respectively, and oocyst concentrations were approximately 10 times higher than cyst levels. The river downstream from the lake ran through an area concentrated with cattle pasture and had the greater numbers of both parasites (1.09 oocysts and 0.22 cysts/L). The lake, although receiving sewage effluents, may have also had lower levels (0.58 oocysts and 0.08 cysts/L) because of dilution and sedimentation. Coliform levels ranged from 0.12 to 75 CFU/l00ml while fecal coliform levels were slightly lower. Turbidity averaged 55 NTU at the river and 48 NTU at the lake. Correlation coefficients were derived for all variables. Giardia concentrations were significantly correlated to Cryptosporidium concentrations with an r value of 0.778, significant at the 99% confidence level. No other correlations were observed between Giardia and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities nor between Cryptosporidium levels and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities. Neither bacterial indicator organisms nor turbidity are reliable predictors for the absence of enteric protozoa in the study watershed.

Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater*

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval ◽  
Naomi Guttman-Bass ◽  
Juri Applebaum ◽  
Badri Fattal
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Agricultural Communities ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Spray Irrigation

Field investigations on the dispersion of aerosolized enteric bacteria and viruses generated by wastewater sprinkler irrigation were carried out at agricultural communities in Israel. One hundred and fifty-four air samples were taken in the vicinity of wastewater irrigated fields by two different methods: 1. Anderson multistage impactor air samplers and 2. High Volume Cyclone Scrubbers (HVCS). All night samples at 730 m. were positive for bacterial indicator organisms. 10% of the air samples by HVCS were presumptively positive for enteric viruses including 3 out of 24 samples taken at 730 m. downwind from the wastewater sprinkler fields. In 31% of the virus positive samples, none of the three bacterial indicators were detected. These findings suggest that aerosolized enteric viruses are more resistant to hostile environmental factors than the airborne bacterial indicator organisms. * This study was supported by a grant from the USEPA (CR 80-6416, Project officers: Mr. Walter Jakubowsky and Dr. Elmer Akin). It has not been subject to the Agency's peer and policy review and thus does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.

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