scholarly journals Investigating unaccounted for water and its components in Zomba City water supply system, Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvikomborero Hoko ◽  
Jessy Alida Chipwaila
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Specific Study ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Pipe Replacement ◽  
City Water ◽  
Unaccounted For Water ◽  
Real Losses

This study assessed Unaccounted for Water (UFW) in Zomba City, Malawi in 2009 and quantified its real and apparent loss components. The study was carried out in the period January–May 2009 and focussed on three selected water supply zones (Airwing, Malonje and Sadzi) especially for determination of the components of non-revenue water (NRW). Field measurements of flow and utility records formed the basis of the study. It was established that the NRW for Zomba for the period 1999–2008 ranged from 20 to 36%. During the study period, the average UFW in the specific study areas was 13% of which 81% were real losses (Airwing); 62% with 58% real losses (Malonje); and 51% with 60% real losses (Sadzi). It was concluded that UFW for 2009 Zomba was above 23%, achieved by good performing water utilities in developing countries. Real losses were higher than apparent losses in all three specific study areas and this was driven by pressure. The study recommends real loss reduction through pipe replacement and improved pressure management, and apparent loss reduction through improved metering. Reduction of water losses is imperative in the wake of climate change and the need to attain Sustainable Development Goals.

Investigating the management of unaccounted for water for Lilongwe Water Board, Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Harawa ◽  
Zvikomborero Hoko ◽  
Shepherd Misi ◽  
Sinos Maliano
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Board ◽  
The City ◽  
Unaccounted For Water ◽  
Real Losses ◽  
Detection Programme

Lilongwe Water Board (LWB) is currently unable to meet Lilongwe City's water demand as evidenced by low supply coverage (65%) and intermittent water supply in the city. One of the major challenges is high levels of unaccounted for water (UFW) reported at 37% (2012), higher than the recommended 23% for developing countries. This study, done in Lilongwe City (Areas 15, 18 and 28), investigated water losses and partitioned UFW into real and apparent losses. Data collection involved data logging for pressures and flows at selected points in the network, meter testing, and water audits. This study estimated an average UFW of 37.5% for Lilongwe City and 33%, 44% and 20%, respectively, in the specific study areas (Areas 15, 18 and 28). The UFW in Lilongwe City was higher than recommended and was also higher than recommended in Areas 15 and 18 but within the acceptable limit for Area 28. High UFW levels in Areas 15 and 18 were mainly driven by real losses. The LWB should consider partitioning of its UFW to establish the main drivers, implement active leak detection programme and active pressure management in areas with high pressures.

scholarly journals Assessing Future Water Demand and Associated Energy Input with Plausible Scenarios for Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Pauline Macharia ◽  
Nzula Kitaka ◽  
Paul Yillia ◽  
Norbert Kreuzinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Current State ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

This study examined the current state of water demand and associated energy input for water supply against a projected increase in water demand in sub-Saharan Africa. Three plausible scenarios, namely, Current State Extends (CSE), Current State Improves (CSI) and Current State Deteriorates (CSD) were developed and applied using nine quantifiable indicators for water demand projections and the associated impact on energy input for water supply for five Water Service Providers (WSPs) in Kenya to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach based on real data in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the daily per capita water-use in the service area of four of the five WSPs was below minimum daily requirement of 50 L/p/d. Further, non-revenue water losses were up to three times higher than the regulated benchmark (range 26–63%). Calculations showed a leakage reduction potential of up to 70% and energy savings of up to 12 MWh/a. The projected water demand is expected to increase by at least twelve times the current demand to achieve universal coverage and an average daily per capita consumption of 120 L/p/d for the urban population by 2030. Consequently, the energy input could increase almost twelve-folds with the CSI scenario or up to fifty-folds with the CSE scenario for WSPs where desalination or additional groundwater abstraction is proposed. The approach used can be applied for other WSPs which are experiencing a similar evolution of their water supply and demand drivers in sub-Saharan Africa. WSPs in the sub-region should explore aggressive strategies to jointly address persistent water losses and associated energy input. This would reduce the current water supply-demand gap and minimize the energy input that will be associated with exploring additional water sources that are typically energy intensive.

Predicting Trihalomethanes in the New York City Water Supply

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajith Mukundan ◽  
Richard Van Dreason
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
York City ◽  
City Water

scholarly journals Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Seo Hyung Choi ◽  
Bongwoo Shin ◽  
Eunher Shin
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
Apparent Loss

When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.

scholarly journals OST WATER VOLUME IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, IN NORTH AND CENTRAL WEST REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
A. B. dos SANTOS ◽  
É. C. DIAS ◽  
G. P. C. da SILVA ◽  
R. P. RIBEIRO ◽  
A. M. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region

Due to the events of the last years, when, mainly the Southeast region of Brazil has experienced one of the worst periods of water shortage, there has been a process of national awareness for the need of care with the quality and quantity of water. Therefore, currently in the national and world scenario is seeking to minimize the waste of water, acting mainly in the water supply systems, which have the highest loss rates of this liquid. In this way, the objective is to determine the volume of water (1000m³/year) wasted in SAA (Water Supply System), based on the amount of water produced and consumed in the North and Central-West region of Brazil and, from this, compare the losses in those regions, for the year 2015. Based on the analysis of the datas, it was verified that the water supply in the North and Central-West regions presented high losses rates, 43% and 37%, respectively. Actions such as maintenance of sanitary fittings and elimination of leaks in the residence, more efficient operation and maintenance of the system and improvement in the commercial management of service providers, are measures to combat and reduce water losses.

Analysis of water pricing in Ireland and recommendations towards a more efficient water sector

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brady ◽  
N. F. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Group Water ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Unaccounted For Water

Within Ireland, both the public water supply and group water scheme (GWS) sectors are crucial entities in the provision of water supply to individuals. In this study, variances in water charges and operation are assessed via an in-depth survey of 104 GWSs in order to establish the range in both domestic and commercial charges, and also to establish the factors influencing these charges within the rural water sector. Results are compared with the commercial water charges of the 34 local authorities involved in the provision of public water and wastewater services. Devoid of regulation, tariff setting is highly decentralised with substantial variations in connection, fixed and volumetric charges across both sectors. Greater transparency is essential to establish the full cost of supply to domestic and non-domestic consumers. Findings reveal average GWS volumetric charges to be 35% lower than public supplies, resulting in communities wishing to retain ownership of their schemes as there is much greater control over water pricing. Historic underinvestment has led to an infrastructure deficit and deficiencies within the public supply sector are discussed, such as inadequate revenue collection and high unaccounted-for water. Furthermore, recommendations are made towards effective operation and pricing in light of proposed government plans to establish a national water authority.

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