scholarly journals What has poverty got to do with it? Analysis of household access to improved sanitation in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Simon Mariwah ◽  
Joshua Amo-Adjei ◽  
Prisca Anima
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Household Assets ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Group Interviews

This paper investigates antecedents to demand for household sanitation in Ghana. We employed a sequential, mixed-method approach, relying on the 2011 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and primary qualitative data generated from individual and group interviews. The aim was to ascertain the role of household assets (measured by household wealth) in access to improved sanitation in Ghana. The study found that although wealth positively influenced household ownership of improved sanitation, the effect is strongly noticed only at the pinnacle of wealth quintiles (the richest households). From the qualitative data, we find that, beyond poverty, a mix of cultural, social, political and economic nuances influenced and somehow perpetuate low access to improved sanitation in Ghanaian households. We therefore surmise that means targeting of the poor and application of social marketing of sanitation in both rural and urban areas can help trigger awareness and demand for improved sanitation in Ghana.

Primary health-care teams as adaptive organizations: exploring and explaining work variation using case studies in rural and urban Scotland

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Farmer ◽  
Christina West ◽  
Bruce Whyte ◽  
Margaret Maclean
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Health Care Teams ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Service Redesign

It is acknowledged, internationally, that health-care practitioners' work differs between rural and urban areas. While several factors affect individual teams' activities, there is little understanding about how patterns of work evolve. Consideration of work in relation to local circumstances is important for training, devising contracts and redesigning services. Six case studies centred on Scottish rural and urban general practices were used to examine, in-depth, the activity of primary health-care teams. Quantitative workload data about patient contacts were collected over 24 months. Interviews and diaries revealed insightful qualitative data. Findings revealed that rural general practitioners and district nurses tended to conduct more consultations per practice patient compared with their urban counterparts. Conditions seen and work tasks varied between case study teams. Qualitative data suggested that the key reasons for variation were: local needs and circumstances; choices made about deployment of available time, team composition and the extent of access to other services. Primary care teams might be viewed as adaptive organizations, with co-evolution of services produced by health professionals and local people. The study highlights limitations in the application of workload data and suggests that understanding the nature of work in relation to local circumstances is important in service redesign.

scholarly journals ANALISIS STRATEGI PENERIMAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN (PBB P2) SERTA EFEKTIVITAS PENERIMAANNYA DI PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN TAHUN 2016-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernando Viki Tambingon ◽  
Hendrik Manossoh ◽  
Novi S. Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Collection Process ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Implementation Of The Strategy ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Based on Law Number 28 of 2009 states that the Land and Building Tax for Rural and Urban Areas is a tax that is controlled by the regional governmentThe purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the strategy, measure the level of PBB-P2 and countries in South Minahasa Regency in PBB P2 collection. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative data where the primary data to be used will then be analyzed, namely data that can be used for the main purpose of this study.The results of the study indicate that the strategy in UN PBB P2 collection was well implemented, although there were some obstacles in the UN collection process P2. Whereas the acceptance of PBB in P2 in 2016 and 2017 is classified as less effective.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAPUA AND WEST PAPUA PROVINCES

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Household Water ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Multiple Indicator

Papua and West Papua provinces are two of many lagging provinces in Indonesia in terms of access to adequate sanitation. Hence, this paper aims to reveal determinants of access to improved sanitation by investigating the environmental, demographic, and socio-economic correlation in both provinces. Data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were used to determine the demographic and socio-economic correlates of households access to improved sanitation facilities. Probit regression models were fitted to the data. The results suggest that district, place or residence, type and location of household water source, household size, age of household head, education of household head, and household wealth have significant correlation with access to improved sanitation. These corroborate previous findings and more importantly, it can be used to inform policy makers in Indonesia especially in Papua and West Papua Provinces.

scholarly journals Sanitation coverage in Bangladesh since the millennium: consistency matters

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zheng ◽  
S. A. I. Hakim ◽  
Q. Nahar ◽  
A. van Agthoven ◽  
S. V. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Household surveys in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2009 assessed sanitation access using questions that differed significantly over time, resulting in apparently inconsistent findings. Applying the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme's 2008 definition for open defecation and improved sanitation facilities excluding shared facilities to the compiled data set, sensible sanitation coverage trends emerge. The percentage of households openly defecating declined at a rate of about 1.8% per year from 30% in 1994 to 6.8% in 2009, primarily due to changes in rural areas. Access to individual improved sanitation facilities nearly doubled from about 30% in 2006 to 57% in 2009, with both rural and urban areas showing impressive progress. Access to shared improved latrines also nearly doubled from about 13% in 2006 to 24% in 2009, with the urban slums recording the greatest gain from 17% in 2006 to 65% in 2009. Shared improved latrines are only slightly less clean than individual ones. Dependence on shared improved latrines increases with population density. In 2007, 20% of the poorest households still openly defecated, although more of them (38%) shared a latrine of any type. A poverty reduction program is recommended to address this equity issue, although applying consistent definitions is crucial to documenting progress.

scholarly journals Traditional Omani Crafts Approaches To Identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 566-578
Author(s):  
Badar Mohammed Almamari ◽  
Fakhriya Al-Yahayai ◽  
Mohammed Alamri
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data Collection

The purpose of this study is to identify how landscapes, places, and geographical forms of land influenced craft making identity by addressing Omani crafts enterprises in urban and rural areas. This has been done by interviewing local craftspeople and analysing their responses as a qualitative data collection method using open-ended questions to seek reliability and credibility in the study. The interviews in this research were mostly conducted with participants belonging to ten enterprises under the management of the Public Authority for Crafts Industries (PACI), Department of Art Education and the Handcrafts Centre. Consequently, this study highlights the importance of studying the influence of landscapes, places, and geographical forms in shaping local people's crafts identity by investigating their craft industries in rural and urban areas.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Syed Mustansir Hussain Zaidi ◽  
Hira Fatima Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Mother Education ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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