Oral Health Related Knowledge, Attitude And Behavior Among Group of Mothers In Relation To Their Primary School Children’s Oral Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of a group of mothers with their children aged 6-12 years regarding their own and their children’s oral health and to evaluate its impact on their children oral health status in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A validated, and reliable Arabic questionnaire comprised four sections (demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status, Hiroshima University– Dental Behavioral Inventory; HU-DBI; for mother’ attitudes and behavior pertaining their own oral health, mothers’ knowledge, and mothers’ attitudes regarding oral health of their children) was used for this study. The questionnaire was completed by the mothers. A clinical oral examination was performed for the children, attending primary schools in Jeddah city, to detect the caries experience and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Results: A total of 1496 mother-child pairs completed the study. The mean values of dmft were 4.08 ± 3.47; DMFT was 1.82 ± 2.07; total dmft and DMFT was 5.65 ± 4.05; and the OHI-S was 1.17 ± 0.94. According to the questionnaire results, mothers in private schools had a more favorable attitude and behavior toward their own oral health, as well as a more favorable knowledge and attitude toward their children's oral health. The multiple linear regression model revealed that the children's dmft/DMFT scores were significantly related to mother education, mother questionnaire scores, and the OHI-S. Conclusion: Mother education, knowledge, and attitude all play a role in the development of dental caries. Overall, mothers need to improve their oral health attitudes and behaviors, as well as increase their level of oral health knowledge.

Impact of Family Functioning, Family Violence and Other Factors on Juvenile Delinquency

Background: Juvenile delinquency is the act of participating in unlawful behavior as minors or individuals younger than the age of majority. Nepal shows an increasing trend of violent crimes committed by a juvenile. Objective: To examine the impact of family functioning, family violence, and other family factors on juvenile delinquency. Materials and Methods: The study is a case-control study based on primary data collection of 354 respondents which include equal number of juvenile delinquents as cases taken from juvenile correction homes and school students as controls who have never been convicted for any act of juvenile delinquency. Data was collected through the convenience sampling method. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic, socioeconomic, individual and family factors. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine which factor act as a risk or protective factor for juvenile delinquency. Results: From bivariate analysis, family factors such as family functioning, parental monitoring, parental involvement, parental supervision, and parental attachment were found higher in controls than cases. However, family violence was found higher in cases than control group. Further, from fitted logistic regression child age, aggressive behavior, family structure, family financial condition, punitive parenthood, mother education level, and parental attachment were found significant factors impacting on juvenile delinquency. Conclusion: This study revealed that age, aggressive behavior, family structure, and family financial condition are the risk factors for juvenile delinquency. Further, mother education, punitive parenthood, and parental attachment are found protective factors for juvenile delinquency.

Accuracy Measure of Separate and Joint Modelling for a Correlated Binary Outcome: The Case Study of Mother Education and Immunization in Bangladesh

Joint modelling is a statistical approach that is used to analyze correlated data when two or more outcome variables are correlated. By joint modeling, we refer to the simultaneous analysis of two or more different response variables from the same individual. But in a separate model, it is unable to measure the effect of covariate simultaneously. This article focuses on separate and joint modelling for correlated discrete data, including logistic regression models for binary outcomes. Since most of the women are illiterate in Bangladesh and most of the people are living in urban areas, as a result, most of the women are not aware of immunization. But an educated mother is always aware of her child's health which is dependent on immunization. Therefore, mother education and immunization are interdependent. We jointly address the effect of maternal education and immunization. Joint modeling of these two outcomes is appropriate because mother education helps raise awareness of the child's health and immunization is the prevention of various diseases for the child's health. We also identified factors influencing maternal education and immunization among women in Bangladesh. By jointly modelling we found the correlation between maternal education and immunization and the most important contributing factor. The joint model removes a less significant impact of covariates as opposed to separate models. These findings further suggested that the simultaneous impact of correlated outcomes can be adequately addressed between different responses, which is overestimated or underestimated when examined separately.

Identifying factors determining the survival time of under-five year children in rural parts of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the remarkable progress in child survival was made. However, Ethiopia is ranked as fifth burden countries of under-five deaths, particularly in rural areas. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify determinants that causes under-five death in the rural parts of Ethiopia. Only 7301 women from rural residence who had under-five children were involved in this study. Descriptive, None-parametric and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used to examine the determinants associated with the under-five mortality. This study revealed that 6.5% of children were died before reaching their fifth birthday in the rural parts of Ethiopia. Sex, place of delivery, family size, Mother education, number of under-five children, contraceptive use and source of drinking water had significant effect on the survival time of under-five children. Conclusion: A significant risk factors associated with under-five mortality in rural areas were identified in this study. Children delivered at home, children from uneducated mothers, children from not using contraceptive method mothers, drink water from not piped source had higher risk of death. Giving awareness about benefits of delivering in health facility and uses of contraceptive method, improving mother education and infrastructure like sources of water, decreases mortality of under-five children.

Gender differences in mathematical achievement development: A family psychobiosocial model

This study proposes a family psychobiosocial model on gender differences in cognitive development. Specifically, the aim is to investigate how family biological, socioeconomic, and psychological factors predict child mathematics achievement (MAch) development. The data was obtained from the Millennium Cohort Study. Children’s pattern construction scores collected at ages 5 and 7 years worked as MAch (n = 18,497). The predictors were family data collected when the children were 9 months. The results of path analyses for all students indicate that all three factors in the family psychobiosocial model play some roles in children’s MAch development. Analyses for the female and male students separately reveal that girls’ positive MAch development was significantly predicted by four psychobiosocial factors (fewer mother in-pregnancy alcohol intakes, more family income, higher mother education levels, and more mother cognitive stimulation); boys’ MAch development is predicted by only one factor (higher mother education levels). The results support the psychobiosocial model as a whole. Family psychobiosocial factors, especially social factors, impact children’s cognitive development more for females than for males.

Predictors of Interpersonal Tolerance among School Children: A Demographic Study

The present quantitative study was designed to explore the predictors of interpersonal tolerance among school children. The population consisted of children of private and government schools. A sample of (N=330) participants was selected by using a random sampling technique. The data was collected from the participants by using an indigenously developed Interpersonal Tolerance Scale for School Children (ITSSC). Statistical analysis of data was carried out to find the relationships between different demographic variables and interpersonal tolerance. Results indicated that different predictors accounted for variance in interpersonal tolerance among school children. Some variables, including age, school type, residential area and father education, showed significant impact on interpersonal tolerance among children whereas gender, mother education, family system and socioeconomic status were not significant predictors in interpersonal tolerance. Findings contributed to understanding the role of predictors in the formation of interpersonal tolerance among children in a cultural and social context.

Study the Prevalence, Characteristics of Mothers and Associated Risk Factors of Pica Eating among Pregnant Women

Eating disorder is a common phenomenon accompanying pregnancy including ingestioning non-nutrtitve substances. Causes of pica are uncertain. The purpose of this study therofre is to assesse prevalnce, characteretics and risk factos of pica among Kurdish pregnant women. A cross sectioal study was conducted in Iraqi Kurdistan and the information regarding sociodemographic infromation, prevalence and characterestics of and risk facros were collected. Four hundred woment were registered and interviewed for this study. The resuslts: data showed that prevalence of pica was 60.5% (242), and the most frequenct forms of pica eaten were pagophagia and geaphagia and amylophagia by 29.7% (119), 25.3% (101) and 12.5% (50) respectively. Data showed that pica is related to mother education (P=0.011), mother occupation (P=0.002), living place( P=0.011), health complication duering pregnancy ( P=0.018) and affects bread feeding (P=0.040). Baby gender, mother age, Iron suppelemtation, hisotry of child abortion and economic satisfacton weren not signicantly associated to pica eating. The results also showed that psychlogical factors for pica eating was reduce nausia, amilearate stress and axiety and very fewer pregnant used to control hunger. Conclusion: Mother should check for any health complication before pregnancy and receive enough and regualr check as well as edcuate themselves regarding consequence of pica. Also psychological consultation is important throughout pregnancy period.

KORELASI PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DAN PENDIDIKAN IBU TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF

Exclusive breastfeeding based on Government Regulation Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding isbreast milk that is given to babies from birth for six months, without adding and or replacing with other food ordrinks. Coverage of infants gets exclusive breastfeeding nationally at 61.33%. This figure has exceeded the 2017Strategic Plan target of 44%. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for infants 0-6 months in Central Java in2017 was 54.4%. Coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Sukoharjo Regency is 60.36%.Thepurpose of this researchaims to determine whether there is a correlation between the level of family income and level of mother education ofexcluxive breastfeeding. This research use analytic observational design with cross sectional approach. Thepopulation in this study are mothers who have children more than six month in the working area of Gatak SukoharjoPublic Health Center. Sampling technique in this research using cluster random sampling technique. LogisticRegression test data obtained significance of family income level equal to 0.034 and mother education level equal to0.004.The limitation of this study is to collect data on the level of family income based only on interviews withoutany supporting questionnaireBased on these results indicate the correlation of family income level and mothereducation level of excluxive breastfeeding.

Determinants and Consequences of Food Insecurity in Artisanal Fishing Families From the Coastal Community of Sonora, Mexico

Background: Families living from artisanal fisheries are vulnerable to food insecurity. Objective: This research aimed to assess the determinants and consequences of food insecurity in artisanal fishing families from the coastal community of Sonora, Mexico, and to understand how these families face food insecurity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 116 mothers. A socioeconomic, demographic, and nutritional knowledge survey was applied to assess determinants. A survey about food in the community and food security scale were collected to evaluate food insecurity and two 24-hour dietary recalls and anthropometric measures to assess consequences. Field notes about facing food insecurity were collected. Results: Sixty-eight percent of families have food insecurity. Being above the poverty line, higher father education, knowing how many glasses of water should be drunk per day, and how many minutes of physical activity should be done per day were associated with lower food insecurity. Not having medical service and lower mother education were associated with higher food insecurity. Higher food insecurity was associated with buying in a convenience store; higher food insecurity and higher mother education were associated with lower dietary score; and higher father education was associated with higher dietary score. Being below the extreme poverty line by income and number of children were associated with lower waist circumference; lower father education was associated with higher waist circumference of mothers. Conclusions: Artisanal fishing families residing in the coastal community of Sonora, Mexico, experience high food insecurity associated with social and economic determinants and their dietary quality.