scholarly journals Effectiveness of solar disinfection for household water treatment: an experimental and modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Md. Habibur Rahman Bejoy Khan ◽  
Md. Abu-Sa-Ad Akash ◽  
Shahriar Shams
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low-cost household water treatment (HWT) option used for disinfection of drinking water. In this study, the bacterial inactivation potential of SODIS was evaluated under the solar irradiance observed in different seasons in Bangladesh according to WHO evaluation protocol of HWT, and the SODIS experiments were conducted for both transmissive and reflective reactors using PET bottles and plastic bags. In summer, log reduction value (LRV) more than 5 was observed for the transmissive PET reactors for 6 to 8 hr exposure to sunlight and the treated water complied with the microbial standard of zero colony forming units/100 mL in drinking water. In monsoon and winter, LRV > 4 can be achieved for 16 hr and 8 hr exposure to sunlight, respectively, using reflective reactors. The plastic bag was found to be more effective than PET. A safe exposure time was estimated from the Weibull model to be maintained for SODIS application to achieve 4.0 LRV and also to prevent the re-growth of microorganisms in the treated water. A significant re-growth of microorganisms was observed in the treated water, thus SODIS with other HWT processes can be recommended for use in communities with an unsafe drinking water supply.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Treatment of drinking water for rural households using Moringa seed and solar disinfection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Jotham Marobhe ◽  
Shadrack Mwita Sabai
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Water ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Rural populations in Tanzania use unsafe drinking water from unimproved water sources which are inadequately treated using plant seed powder. The effectiveness of defatted crude seed extract (dCSE) of Moringa oleifera along with water filtration and solar disinfection (SODIS) for rural household water treatment was investigated. The performance of dCSE in turbidity and bacteria reduction was evaluated in 20 L buckets using river water with varied turbidities. Coagulation–flocculation processes were conducted using different dosages of 5% (Weight/Volume) dCSE. Optimum dosage for maximum turbid removal was established after 2–6 h of settling time. Optimum dosages of dCSE were 20, 30 and 80 mL/20 L for water with a turbidity of 150, 450 and 1,000 NTU with turbidity removal efficiencies of 98, 99 and 99%, respectively. The filtration process was able to remove about 66% of suspended solids from pretreated water by dCSE after coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation. SODIS of pretreated water in black painted and unpainted bottles removed 99 and 97.6%; 99.9 and 98.6% of total and fecal coliforms after 6 h of sunlight exposure, respectively. The pH and color of treated water were within Tanzania Standards. This study recommends dCSE, filtration and SODIS for use at household level for water treatment and storage using pots.

scholarly journals Fabrication of potable and eco-friendly solar disinfection (sodis) unit and its performance analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Malavika J P ◽  
Shobana C
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Disinfection Unit

Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a technique, which involves utilization of solar energy to make safe drinking water from biologically contaminated water. In the conventional SODIS method, the PET bottles are filled with polluted water and exposed to the sunlight for a certain period depending upon the local weather conditions. However much more effective disinfection system is needed to overcome the problems of inefficient utilization of available solar energy and the health risk posed by treating the water using chemicals during the purification process.  Hence, the present work aims in designing a portable solar disinfection unit that can efficiently use solar energy by manually adjusting the unit according to sunlight availability. Along with it, incorporation of the additional eco-friendly unit with water purifying plants Vetiveria zizanioides (Vetiver) and Hemidesmus indicus (Nannari) is done to achieve high efficiency in producing potable water from biologically contaminated water. The contaminated water samples treated in the solar disinfection unit and eco-friendly water purifying unit are analyzed for the presence of total coliforms and E-coli by using the Most probable Number method and P/A analysis, respectively. A reduction in 99.74% of total coliform count and absence of E-coli was observed in the treated water samples.  The physicochemical analysis was carried out to ensure the suitability of treated water for consumption and the results revealed a notable reduction in the parameters, and all the parameters came under the permissible range of IS drinking water characteristics. The designed system can be used to disinfect the contaminated water sample most efficiently, thereby making the water suitable for consumption.

scholarly journals Promoting Household Water Treatment through Women's Self Help Groups in Rural India: Assessing Impact on Drinking Water Quality and Equity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Freeman ◽  
Victoria Trinies ◽  
Sophie Boisson ◽  
Gregory Mak ◽  
Thomas Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Self Help Groups

scholarly journals The drinking water response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, including the role of household water treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Clasen ◽  
Lucy Smith ◽  
Jeff Albert ◽  
Andrew Bastable ◽  
Jean‐Francois Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Water Response

scholarly journals The effectiveness of household water treatment and safe storage in improving drinking water quality: a disinfection by-product (DBP) perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Xiao ◽  
Youli Duan ◽  
Wenhai Chu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Serving as the last barrier to secure drinking water safety, household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is perceived as an interim measure for removing pathogens from drinking water and reducing disease risk. In recent years, the application of HWTS has shown a growing trend, and its performance in controlling chemicals has also received much attention. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed by the reaction of chemical disinfectants and precursors, and are present at sub-μg·L−1 or low-to-mid-μg·L−1 levels in drinking water. Although precursor control and disinfection operation modification could contribute to DBP mitigation to some degree, DBP removal after their formation emerges as an important strategy due to the ubiquitous existence of DBPs in distribution systems and tap water. In order to figure out how DBP concentrations vary during the residence time of drinking water in households, this review summarizes the effectiveness and mechanism of HWTS and combination technologies for DBP control in municipal tap water, and makes a comparison with regard to technologies implementing different removal mechanisms as well as DBPs possessing different natures. Based on these results, this article provides an insight into DBP risk assessment and human health protection.

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