scholarly journals Development and implementation of water safety plans for small water supplies in Bangladesh: benefits and lessons learned

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Mahmud ◽  
Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin ◽  
M. Feroze Ahmed ◽  
Annette Davison ◽  
Dan Deere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Community Monitoring ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Water safety plans (WSPs) are promoted by the WHO as the most effective means of securing drinking water safety. To date most experience with WSPs has been within utility supplies, primarily in developed countries. There has been little documented experience of applying WSPs to small community-managed systems, particularly in developing countries. This paper presents a case study from Bangladesh describing how WSPs can be developed and implemented for small systems. Model WSPs were developed through consultation with key water sector practitioners in the country. Simplified tools were developed to translate the formal WSPs into a format that was meaningful and accessible for communities to use. A series of pilot projects were implemented by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) across the country covering all major water supplies. The results show that WSPs can be developed and implemented for small community managed water supplies and improve the sanitary condition and water quality of water sources. Hygiene behaviour improved and household water quality showed a significant reduction in contamination. Chlorination was found to be important for some technologies, thus increasing the costs of water supply and raising important problems with respect to transfer to the communities. Simple tools for community monitoring were found to be effective in supporting better water safety management.

Drinking water safety plans: barriers and bridges for small systems in Alberta, Canada

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1140-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Perrier ◽  
Megan Kot ◽  
Heather Castleden ◽  
Graham A. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Water safety plans provide a relatively new management approach for identifying and addressing risks in a water supply. In 2011, the province of Alberta (Canada) became the first jurisdiction in North America to require that all water supplies develop drinking water safety plans (DWSPs). This research explored the implementation of DWSPs through the experiences of ‘early adopter’ operators who work in small communities. Specifically, in-person open-ended qualitative interviews with operators from 15 small communities from across Alberta were conducted to explore implementation challenges and opportunities. The findings highlight a number of barriers associated with the relationships between decision-making bodies, regulatory authorities and water operators, all of which have the potential to support or hinder the uptake of a DWSP. Findings also indicate that a DWSP can act as a bridge, providing a much-needed tool to facilitate communication about water supplies and help to support and manage relationships between stakeholders. This study revealed a number of important and useful insights to the small community early DWSP adopter experience in Canada that could be applied in other jurisdictions looking to adopt similar practices.

Water Safety Plans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Setty ◽  
Giuliana Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Water safety plans (WSPs) represent a holistic risk assessment and management approach covering all steps in the water supply process from the catchment to the consumer. Since 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) has formally recommended WSPs as a public health intervention to consistently ensure the safety of drinking water. These risk management programs apply to all water supplies in all countries, including small community supplies and large urban systems in both developed and developing settings. As of 2017, more than 90 countries had adopted various permutations of WSPs at different scales, ranging from limited-scale voluntary pilot programs to nationwide implementation mandated by legislative requirements. Tools to support WSP implementation include primary and supplemental manuals in multiple languages, training resources, assessment tools, and some country-specific guidelines and case studies. Systems employing the WSP approach seek to incrementally improve water quality and security by reducing risks and increasing resilience over time. To maintain WSP effectiveness, water supply managers periodically update WSPs to integrate knowledge about prior, existing, and potential future risks. Effectively implemented WSPs may translate to positive health and other impacts. Impact evaluation has centered on a logic model developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as WHO-refined indicators that compare water system performance to pre-WSP baseline conditions. Potential benefits of WSPs include improved cost efficiency, water quality, water conservation, regulatory compliance, operational performance, and disease reduction. Available research shows outcomes vary depending on site-specific context, and challenges remain in using WSPs to achieve lasting improvements in water safety. Future directions for WSP development include strengthening and sustaining capacity-building to achieve consistent application and quality, refining evaluation indicators to better reveal linked outcomes (including economic impacts), and incorporating social equity and climate change readiness.

Water safety plans for small systems: a model for applying HACCP concepts for cost-effective monitoring in developing countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Contamination Events

The development of water safety plans (WSPs) for small systems should be based on a thorough understanding of the relationships between risk factors and contamination events. This can be achieved through the use of well-designed assessments of water quality that provide better evidence to support the identification of control measures, performance limits, monitoring parameters and verification procedures. Training of community operators is critical to the success of the WSP and the understanding gained from the assessments provides a sound basis for addressing these needs. The WSP approach provides for more effective control of water quality and the use of targeted assessments is cost-effective in improving the design of WSPs.

scholarly journals National survey of utilization of continuous water quality monitors in water supply systems in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kosaka ◽  
Y. Koike ◽  
Y. Miyabayashi ◽  
K. Saito ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Abstract An investigation of the utilization of water quality monitors at water purification plants throughout Japan was conducted via questionnaire from August to October 2015. The number of types of monitors installed at more than one water purification plant was 34. Chlorine, high sensitivity turbidity, pH, and turbidity monitors were (highly) recommended for installation in four water purification processes (rapid sand filtration, chlorination only, slow sand filtration and membrane treatment), except for high sensitivity turbidity of chlorination only. The number of installations of the monitors recommended and their installation points were dependent upon the processes. Highly recommended points of turbidity were raw water and sedimentation points, which were set for (critical) control points in water safety plans. That of high sensitivity turbidity was the rapid sand filtration point for confirmation of Cryptosporidium control. Chlorine monitors were applied for automatic control, regardless of the water purification processes. Some interesting monitors, such as those for musty odor compounds and trihalomethane, were newly developed and utilized. The results of this study showed that water quality monitors were important for water quality management systems based on water safety plans in Japan.

scholarly journals Water quality, compliance, and health outcomes among utilities implementing Water Safety Plans in France and Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Setty ◽  
Georgia L. Kayser ◽  
Michael Bowling ◽  
Jerome Enault ◽  
Jean-Francois Loret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness due toGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus associated with private wells and small water systems in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (7) ◽  
pp. 1355-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. MURPHY ◽  
M. K. THOMAS ◽  
P. J. SCHMIDT ◽  
D. T. MEDEIROS ◽  
S. McFADYEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Gastrointestinal Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Acute Gastrointestinal Illness ◽  
Small Water

SUMMARYWaterborne illness related to the consumption of contaminated or inadequately treated water is a global public health concern. Although the magnitude of drinking water-related illnesses in developed countries is lower than that observed in developing regions of the world, drinking water is still responsible for a proportion of all cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in Canada. The estimated burden of endemic AGI in Canada is 20·5 million cases annually – this estimate accounts for under-reporting and under-diagnosis. About 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. There is evidence that individuals served by private systems and small community systems may be more at risk of waterborne illness than those served by municipal drinking water systems in Canada. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these systems to the overall drinking water-related AGI burden in Canada. Private water supplies serve an estimated 12% of the Canadian population, or ~4·1 million people. An estimated 1·4 million (4·1%) people in Canada are served by small groundwater (2·6%) and surface water (1·5%) supplies. The objective of this research is to estimate the number of AGI cases attributable to water consumption from these supplies in Canada using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. This provides a framework for others to develop burden of waterborne illness estimates for small water supplies. A multi-pathogen QMRA ofGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus, chosen as index waterborne pathogens, for various source water and treatment combinations was performed. It is estimated that 103 230 AGI cases per year are due to the presence of these five pathogens in drinking water from private and small community water systems in Canada. In addition to providing a mechanism to assess the potential burden of AGI attributed to small systems and private well water in Canada, this research supports the use of QMRA as an effective source attribution tool when there is a lack of randomized controlled trial data to evaluate the public health risk of an exposure source. QMRA is also a powerful tool for identifying existing knowledge gaps on the national scale to inform future surveillance and research efforts.

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