Mapping global water projects: improving access to donor investment information on the web

Water Policy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
J. Lisa Jorgensona
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Water Project ◽  
The Web

This paper discusses a series of discusses how web sites now report international water project information, and maps the combined donor investment in more than 6000 water projects, active since 1995. The maps show donor investment:  • has addressed water scarcity,  • has improved access to improvised water resources,  • correlates with growth in GDP,  • appears to show a correlation with growth in net private capital flow,  • does NOT appear to correlate with growth in GNI. Evaluation indicates problems in the combined water project portfolios for major donor organizations: •difficulties in grouping projects over differing Sector classifications, food security, or agriculture/irrigation is the most difficult.  • inability to map donor projects at the country or river basin level because 60% of the donor projects include no location data (town, province, watershed) in the title or abstracts available on the web sites.  • no means to identify donor projects with utilization of water resources from training or technical assistance.  • no information of the source of water (river, aquifer, rainwater catchment).  • an identifiable quantity of water (withdrawal amounts, or increased water efficiency) is not provided.  • differentiation between large scale verses small scale projects. Recommendation: Major donors need to look at how the web harvests and combines their information, and look at ways to agree on a standard template for project titles to include more essential information. The Japanese (JICA) and the Asian Development Bank provide good models.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

Change Emphasis in Mission and Vision Statements of the First 1000 Turkish Organizations

2015 ◽  
pp. 352-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Eymen Eryılmaz ◽  
Filiz Eryılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Attribute Importance ◽  
Vision Statements ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
The Web

According to the strategic management literature, contents of mission and vision statements can create some individual and organizational level outcomes for organizations. For instance, organizations can give some messages to their stakeholders via their mission and vision statements. By this way, they can take attentions of various stakeholders into the concepts which they attribute importance. In addition, literature on organizational change has a consensus to a large extent about that change is a necessity for organizations in many situations and organizations can use mission and vision statements as a tool to change. Therefore, it is investigated in this study that how much large-scale Turkish organizations give a place to concept of change in their mission and vision statements. For this aim, mission and vision statements in the web sites of first 1000 Turkish organizations in terms of data in year of 2012 are examined and the results are presented.

scholarly journals The Zone of Avoidance as an X-ray absorber - the role of the galactic foreground modelling Swift XRT spectra

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (S333) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
I. I. Racz ◽  
Z. Bagoly ◽  
L. V. Tóth ◽  
L. G. Balázs ◽  
I. Horvath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Prompt Gamma ◽  
Gamma Emission ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrogen Column Density ◽  
Zone Of Avoidance

AbstractGamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful explosive events in the Universe. The prompt gamma emission is followed by an X-ray afterglow that is also detected for over nine hundred GRBs by the Swift BAT and XRT detectors. The X-ray afterglow spectrum bears essential information about the burst, and the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). Since the radiation travels through the line of sight intergalactic medium and the ISM in the Milky Way, the observed emission is influenced by extragalactic and galactic components. The column density of the Galactic foreground ranges several orders of magnitudes, due to both the large scale distribution of ISM and its small scale structures. We examined the effect of local HI column density on the penetrating X-ray emission, as the first step towards a precise modeling of the measured X-ray spectra. We fitted the X-ray spectra using the Xspec software, and checked how the shape of the initially power low spectrum changes with varying input Galactic HI column density. The total absorbing HI column is a sum of the intrinsic and Galactic component. We also investigated the model results for the intrinsic component varying the Galactic foreground. We found that such variations may alter the intrinsic hydrogen column density up to twenty-five percent. We will briefly discuss its consequences.

scholarly journals A Study on Comparison of Network Location Efficiency of Web Application Firewall

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.33) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Cho ◽  
Sung-Uk Choi ◽  
. .
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Web Security ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
The Web ◽  
Line Type

This paper proposes a method to optimize the performance of web application firewalls according to their positions in large scale networks. Since ports for web services are always open and vulnerable in security, the introduction of web application firewalls is essential. Methods to configure web application firewalls in existing networks are largely divided into two types. There is an in-line type where a web application firewall is located between the network and the web server to be protected. This is mostly used in small scale single networks and is vulnerable to the physical obstruction of web application firewalls. The port redirection type configured with the help of peripheral network equipment such as routers or L4 switches can maintain web services even when physical obstruction of the web application firewall occurs and is suitable for large scale networks where several web services are mixed. In this study, port redirection type web application firewalls were configured in large-scale networks and there was a problem in that the performance of routers was degraded due to the IP-based VLAN when a policy was set for the ports on the routers for web security. In order to solve this problem, only those agencies and enterprises that provide web services of networks were separated and in-line type web application firewalls were configured for them. Internet service providers (ISPs) or central line-concentration agencies can apply the foregoing to configure systems for web security for unit small enterprises or small scale agencies at low costs.  

Utilizing Web Trackers for Sybil Defense

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Marcel Flores ◽  
Andrew Kahn ◽  
Marc Warrior ◽  
Alan Mislove ◽  
Aleksandar Kuzmanovic
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
User Study ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Moderate Number ◽  
Aggregate Behavior ◽  
The Web ◽  
Sybil Attacks

User tracking has become ubiquitous practice on the Web, allowing services to recommend behaviorally targeted content to users. In this article, we design Alibi, a system that utilizes such readily available personalized content, generated by recommendation engines in real time, as a means to tame Sybil attacks. In particular, by using ads and other tracker-generated recommendations as implicit user “certificates,” Alibi is capable of creating meta-profiles that allow for rapid and inexpensive validation of users’ uniqueness, thereby enabling an Internet-wide Sybil defense service. We demonstrate the feasibility of such a system, exploring the aggregate behavior of recommendation engines on the Web and demonstrating the richness of the meta-profile space defined by such inputs. We further explore the fundamental properties of such meta-profiles, i.e., their construction, uniqueness, persistence, and resilience to attacks. By conducting a user study, we show that the user meta-profiles are robust and show important scaling effects. We demonstrate that utilizing even a moderate number of popular Web sites empowers Alibi to tame large-scale Sybil attacks.

Agricultural use of water

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1174) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

Irrigation for agricultural purposes is one of the essential claims on available water resources. Those resources have not been adequately utilized in many countries for a variety of reasons. Where finance has been allocated to irrigation schemes, the schemes have tended to be large-scale, and the performance often disappointing. Alternatively, small-scale irrigation schemes, while receiving less support and encouragement, can often be more effective. For both large-scale and small-scale irrigation schemes, the responses of individual farmers and village communities are critical factors. More technologies need to be developed that are adapted to local needs, resources and aspirations within the context of current socio-economic practices. Obviously, the wider the range of technologies available, the more likely it will be that the technology most appropriate to existing conditions will be identified and used.

scholarly journals Using a Tank Model to Determine Hydro-Meteorological Thresholds for Large-Scale Landslides in Taiwan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Guan-Wei Lin ◽  
Hsien-Li Kuo ◽  
Chi-Wen Chen ◽  
Lun-Wei Wei ◽  
Jia-Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Disturbed Area ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Water Depths

Rainfall thresholds for slope failures are essential information for establishing early-warning systems and for disaster risk reduction. Studies on the thresholds for rainfall-induced landslides of different scales have been undertaken in recent decades. This study attempts to establish a warning threshold for large-scale landslides (LSLs), which are defined as landslides with a disturbed area more massive than 0.1 km2. The numerous landslides and extensive rainfall records make Taiwan an appropriate area to investigate the rainfall conditions that can result in LSLs. We used landslide information from multiple sources and rainfall data captured by 594 rain gauges to create a database of 83 rainfall events associated with LSLs in Taiwan between 2001 and 2016. The corresponding rainfall duration, cumulative event rainfall, and rainfall intensity for triggering LSLs were determined. This study adopted the tank model to estimate conceptual water depths (S1, S2, S3) in three-layer tanks and calculated the soil water index (SWI) by summing up the water depths in the three tanks. The empirical SWI and duration (SWI–D) threshold for triggering LSLs occurring during 2001–2013 in Taiwan is determined as SWI = 155.20 − 1.56D and D ≥ 24 h. The SWI–D threshold for LSLs is higher than that for small-scale landslides (SSLs), those with a disturbed area smaller than 0.1 km2. The LSLs that occurred during 2015–2016 support this finding. It is notable that when the SWI and S3 reached high values, the potential of LSLs increased significantly. The rainfall conditions for triggering LSLs gradually descend with increases in antecedent SWI. Unlike the rainfall conditions for triggering SSLs, those for triggering LSLs are related to the long duration–high intensity type of rainfall event.

Numerical study of resonant shallow flows past a lateral cavity: benchmarking the model with a new experimental data set

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Navas-Montilla ◽  
Sergio Martínez-Aranda ◽  
Antonio Lozano ◽  
Pilar García-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Shallow Flows ◽  
Lateral Cavity

<p>Steady shallow flows past an open channel lateral cavity have been widely studied in the last years due to their engineering and environmental relevance, e.g. for river restoration purposes [1]. Such flows can induce the excitation of an eigenmode of a gravity standing wave inside the cavity, called seiche, which may be coupled with the shedding of vortices at the opening of the cavity. A complete understanding of such phenomenon is necessary as it may determine the mass exchange between the main channel and the cavity [2]. A numerical study of the resonant flow in a channel with a single lateral cavity is herein presented. Five different flow configurations at a fixed Froude number (Fr=0.8), measured in the laboratory [3], are used as a benchmark. Such experiments are reproduced using a high-order 2D depth-averaged URANS model based on the shallow water equations, assuming that shallow water turbulence is mainly horizontal [4]. The large-scale horizontal vortices are resolved by the model, whereas the effect of the small-scale turbulence is accounted for by means of a turbulence model. Water surface elevation and velocity measurements are used for comparison with the numerical results. A detailed comparison of the seiche amplitude distribution in the cavity-channel area is presented, showing a good agreement between the numerical results and the observations. Frequency analysis techniques are used to extract the relevant features of the flow. It is evidenced that the proposed model is able to reproduce the observed spatial distribution of oscillation nodes and anti-nodes, as well as the time-averaged flow field. The coupling mechanism between the gravity wave inside the cavity and the unstable shear layer at the opening of the cavity is also accurately captured. <br><br></p><p>[1] C. Juez, M. Thalmann, A. J. Schleiss & M. J.  Franca, Morphological resilience to flow fluctuations of fine sediment deposits in bank lateral cavities, Advances in Water Resources,  115 (2018) 44-59.</p><p>[2] I. Kimura & T. Hosoda, Fundamental properties of flows in open channels with dead zone, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 123 (1997) 98-107.</p><p>[3] S. Martínez-Aranda, J. Fernández-Pato, D. Caviedes-Voullième, I. García-Palacín & P. García-Navarro, Towards transient experimental water surfaces: a new benchmark dataset for 2D shallow water solvers, Advances in water resources, 121 (2018) 130-149.</p><p>[4] A. Navas-Montilla, C. Juez, M.J. Franca & J. Murillo, Depth-averaged unsteady RANS simulation of resonant shallow flows in lateral cavities using augmented WENO-ADER schemes, Journal of Computational Physics, 24 (2019) 203-217.</p>

scholarly journals Do land parameters matter in large-scale terrestrial water dynamics? – Toward new paradigms in modelling strategies

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 13191-13229 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gudmundsson ◽  
S. I. Seneviratne
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Forcing ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. Large-scale variations of terrestrial water storages and fluxes are key aspects in the Earth system, as they control ecosystem processes, feed back on weather and climate, and form the basis for water resources management. However, relevant observations are limited and process models used for estimation are highly uncertain. These models rely on approximations of terrestrial processes as well as on location-specific parameters (e.g.;soil types, topography) to translate atmospheric forcing (e.g.;precipitation, net radiation) into terrestrial water variables (e.g.;soil moisture, river flow). To date it is unclear which processes and parameters should be included to model terrestrial water systems on regional to global scales. Using a data driven approach we show, that skillful estimates of monthly water dynamics in Europe can be derived from information on atmospheric drivers alone and that the inclusion of land parameters does not improve the estimate. The results highlight that substantial parts of terrestrial water dynamics are controlled by atmospheric forcing, which dominates over land parameters. This is not reflected in current model developments, which are striving at incorporating an increasing number of small scale processes and related parameters. Our results thus point at major potential for theory and model development, with important implications for water resources modelling, seasonal forecasting and climate change projections.

Plastic Mechanism Analysis of Structural Performance of Web Girders During Ship Collision and Grounding

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenguo Gao ◽  
Zhiqiang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Deformation Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Plastic Mechanism ◽  
Ship Collision ◽  
The Web

The behavior of web girders is of crucial importance during ship collision and grounding accidents. A new theoretical deformation model for ship web girders subjected to in-plane localized force is proposed in this paper. It is based on a summary of the existing theoretical models and progressive deformation process of the web girder in the numerical simulation, which is a reproduction of a previous experiment. From the analysis of the deformation process of the web girder in the numerical simulation it is found that there are some important features which have not been considered by any of the existing models. Based on these new features, plastic analytical method is employed, and special emphasis is placed on the folding mechanism establishing and major energy dissipation pattern identifying. Thus, a new theoretical deformation model is proposed. The proposed model is verified by two previous experiments, one is small-scale and the other is large-scale. From the force-indentation curves in comparisons, it can be found that the results of the proposed method compare well with those of the experiments. Therefore, the proposed method can be a useful part in the quick and reliable assessment of the performance of the ship structures in the accidental collision and grounding events.

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