scholarly journals Leakage estimation in developing country water networks based on water balance, minimum night flow and component analysis methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Amoatey ◽  
R. Minke ◽  
H. Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Minimum Night Flow

Abstract Estimating leakage in developing countries’ water networks is challenging as accurate records are needed. Three leakage estimation methods were compared to ascertain which was most suitable for such networks. The factors accounting for the differences in application of these methods to water networks were also ascertained. The water balance and component analysis methods were compared with the modified minimum night flow (MNF) method. The MNF method was modified to make it suitable for networks in developing countries. In the comparison, leakage was estimated at 10 and 18%, respectively, against 11% for the modified MNF. The latter is considered the most suitable for developing countries as all parameters are determined or estimated from field measurements. It was realized that burst flow rates and the infrastructure condition factor used in the water balance and component analysis methods affect the accuracy of leakage estimates. This has implications for further research, as well as policy and practice for developing countries’ water utilities.

scholarly journals Impact of active night population and leakage exponent on leakage estimation in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peace Korshiwor Amoatey ◽  
Abena Agyeiwaa Obiri-Yeboah ◽  
Maxwell Akosah-Kusi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Leakage Exponent

Abstract Methods for network leakage estimation include water balance, component analysis and minimum night flow (MNF) methods the latter of which involves subtracting the customer night use (QCNU) from night leakage and multiplying by the hour day factor (HDF). QCNU and HDF respectively depend on Active Night Population (ANP) and leakage exponent (N1). In most developing countries, these parameters are assumed in the MNF method thus introducing errors which makes setting realistic leakage reduction targets and key performance indicators (KPI) problematic. In this study, QCNU and HDF were evaluated by determining the relative error associated with ANP and N1 to establish localized rates for accurately estimating leakage in water networks. Between 7 and 11% relative error was associated with every 1% higher or lower ANP while up to 4% relative error was observed for every step considered. A linear relationship exists between the relative error associated with both and ANP although that of ANP is twice as high as This has technical implications on setting water loss reduction targets and investing in the water infrastructure. It is recommended that water utilities must establish localized ANP and values for accurate leakage estimation in water networks.

Sectorisation of looped water networks with electromagnetic water meters

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Koral Wojciech
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Automatic Meter Reading ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Town

This paper describes the sectorisation of a water network, as operated by the water and sewage utility (PWiK Gliwice, Poland) with electromagnetic water-meters (battery powered). This solution allows supply of District Metered Areas (DMA) by a few points without ‘dead-end’ pipework and shows that the main problems of the Utility are small, hidden leaks. Additionally the paper describes a water balance for the town of Pyskowice (part of the Gliwice water network) where all water meters are read by radio (automatic meter reading – AMR).

Evaluation methods of the daylight performance and potential energy saving of tubular daylight guide systems: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2199241
Author(s):  
Hanlin Li ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Yanping Yuan ◽  
Lijun Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Energy Saving ◽  
Daylight Performance

In the past 30 years, tubular daylight guide systems (TDGSs) have become one of the most popular ways to transport outdoor natural light into the inner space in building design. However, tubular daylight guide systems are not widely used because of the lack of methods to evaluate methods on the suitability of the TDGSs. This study therefore summarizes the daylight performance metrics of TDGSs and presents the estimation methods in terms of field measurements, simulation and empirical formulae. This study focuses on the daylight performance and potential energy savings of TDGSs. Moreover, this study will be helpful for building designers to build healthy, comfortable and energy-saving indoor environment.

scholarly journals Gender and Agricultural Practice in Developing Countries: Literature Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin Bukola Chete
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
And Gender

Aims: This paper reviews the body of evidence on gender and agriculture and gender and enterprise (including farm enterprise) development in developing countries. Results: The resurgence of interest on the influence of gender and its subsequent mainstreaming into social and economic programmes and in particular, agricultural policy and practice, is largely a development of the 1990s and beyond. The extant body of literature on gender and agriculture is dominated by the liberal feminist construction that women are the disadvantaged group regarding resources such as time, assets (particularly land and credit) and household burden,Agricultural development would be facilitated if both men and women have equal access to resources for use in agricultural work. Conclusion: There is no unique pathway for bringing this about nor are there singular notions of success. Indeed, gender issues should be integrated into the agricultural enterprise from the beginning on the back of broad-based needs assessment schemes. Recommendation: The range of gender issues requiring intervention should include progressive identification and systematic dismantling of socio-cultural, ideological, institutional and legal barriers to equal participation of men and women in agricultural enterprise, orientating and skilling extension workers on gender issues and developing women and men cadre in extension services to cater to the specific needs of each gender and creating equal opportunities in education, employment and politics taking account of the realities of both gender.

Law & Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Böckenförde ◽  
Berihun A. Gebeye
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Law And Development ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Policy Field ◽  
Development Practice

Law and development (L&D) is a dynamic academic and policy field. Since the second half of the twentieth century, anthropologists, lawyers, economists, and political scientists have taken a special interest in L&D. Due to such multidisciplinary engagement and its dynamism, L&D is at once a field or discipline of inquiry, an approach or way of thinking, a phenomenon to be observed, and a funding device to be deployed in development practice. In this chapter, by going beyond the conventional narratives of L&D studies, the authors examine the idea of development and law, along with their interactions in the context of L&D at national and international levels. This comprehensive investigation shows the deeper theoretical, political, ideological, and legal perspectives that underpin and structure the scholarship, policy, and practice of law and development. The chapter then critically reviews the three moments of L&D, which have their distinct common features, and suggest why L&D should contribute more actively to forming concepts of development, rather than building on current understandings. Additionally, while the authors recognize that L&D has had a particular association with the development agenda of ‘developing’ countries, they argue that it may also be applied to the ‘developed’ on a range of issues, such as reducing inequality and ensuring sustainable development.

scholarly journals A New Motivation for Sustainable Trade Between Countries with Different Regulatory Qualities

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Wenshou Yan ◽  
Xi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Government Quality ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Sustainable Trade

In the context of rising anti-globalization sentiments, countries tend to trade with superior government institutions for a longer period and with a higher volume of exports. This phenomenon hinders sustainable trade between countries with different regulatory qualities, resulting in negative effects for developing countries that have poor institutional quality. Using a large panel dataset covering 192 countries during the period 1996–2017, this paper investigates the effect of relatively better government quality on exports. This quality is measured by said government’s regulatory quality relative to its trade partner. The empirical results indicate that a country with relatively better institutional quality receives at least 4% higher exports (dubbed as a premium gain), keeping other factors constant. The empirical result remains the same when solving the endogeneity issue and when applying alternative estimation methods. This paper thus proposes a new channel for sustainable trade for countries characterized by different institutional qualities.

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