Sectorisation of looped water networks with electromagnetic water meters

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Koral Wojciech
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Automatic Meter Reading ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Town

This paper describes the sectorisation of a water network, as operated by the water and sewage utility (PWiK Gliwice, Poland) with electromagnetic water-meters (battery powered). This solution allows supply of District Metered Areas (DMA) by a few points without ‘dead-end’ pipework and shows that the main problems of the Utility are small, hidden leaks. Additionally the paper describes a water balance for the town of Pyskowice (part of the Gliwice water network) where all water meters are read by radio (automatic meter reading – AMR).

LUKIANETS O.I., GREBІN V.V. TIME DYNAMICS OF WATER BALANCE COMPONENTS IN THE PSEL RIVER BASIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
O.I. Lukіanets ◽  
V.V Grebіn
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Total Evaporation ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town

In the article, in order to identify the generalized role of changes that occurred in the Psel River basin with such climatic indicators as air temperature, amount of precipitation, their form of precipitation, the structure of water bodies feeding, as well as water flow in the modern period, the average water balance for a long-term period was calculated the Psel river basin near the town of Gadyach. In general, the water balance equation shows the ratio of water input and consumption within a river basin, taking into account changes in its reserves over a selected time interval and allows one to assess the relationship of its individual components. In the article identifies changes in the ratio between the inflow (amount of precipitation) and consumption of water (total evaporation and runoff) for two periods – the climatic norm of 1961-1990 and modern 1990-2019. Analysis of the temporal dynamics of the water balance components of the Psel river basin showed that the values of the water balance components within the Psel river basin near the town of Gadyach in the modern period have decreased in comparison with the period of the climatic norm – the amount of precipitation by 6,2%, water flow by 17,5%, evapotranspiration by 1,8%. But, analyzing the relationship between the inflow and outflow of water in the basin for the two study periods 1961-1990 and 1990-2019, it can be stated that during the period of the climatic norm, the percentage of water flow from the total precipitation was greater (coefficient water flow 16.2%) than in the modern period (coefficient water flow 14.2%). With regard to total evaporation in water-balance ratios, its share in the water-balance ratio has increased over the modern period (1990-2019). If during the period of climatic normal (1961-1990) the aridity coefficient was 83.8%, then in the modern period, it is 85.8%. That is, the “redistribution” of the water volumes of atmospheric precipitation took place towards the total evaporation with a decrease in the volume of water used to form the water runoff. For the basin of the river Psel – the city of Gadyach in the modern period on the average ≈ 11 mm (or ≈ 130000000 m3) evaporate instead of replenishment of water resources. In the previous period of 1961-1990, on the contrary, ≈ 12 mm (or 136000000 m3) did not evaporate, but flowed into the water bodies of the basin.

scholarly journals Short-term demand forecast using a bank of neural network models trained using genetic algorithms for the optimal management of drinking water networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Rodriguez Rangel ◽  
Vicenç Puig ◽  
Rodrigo Lopez Farias ◽  
Juan J. Flores
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Efficient Management

Efficient management of a drinking water network reduces the economic costs related to water production and transport (pumping). Model predictive control (MPC) is nowadays a quite well-accepted approach for the efficient management of the water networks because it allows formulating the control problem in terms of the optimization of the economic costs. Therefore, short-term forecasts are a key issue in the performance of MPC applied to water distribution networks. However, the short-term horizon demand forecast in a horizon of 24 hours in an hourly based scale presents some challenges as the water consumption can change from one day to another, according to certain patterns of behavior (e.g., holidays and business days). This paper focuses on the problem of forecasting water demand for the next 24 hours. In this work, we propose to use a bank of models instead of a single model. Each model is designed for forecasting one particular hour. Hourly models use artificial neural networks. The architecture design and the training process are performed using genetic algorithms. The proposed approach is assessed using demand data from the Barcelona water network.

scholarly journals On-line Measuring Sensors for Smart Water Network Monitoring

10.29007/4fcr ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Di Nardo ◽  
David Baquero Gonzalez ◽  
Tom Baur ◽  
Romeo Bernini ◽  
Sergio Bodini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
On Line

Smart cities are getting essential to drive economic growth, increase social prospects and improve high-quality lifestyle for citizens. To meet the goal of smart cities, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) have a key role. The application of smart solutions will allow the cities to use ICT and big data to improve infrastructure and services (i.e. network efficiency, protection from contamination, etc.). In the water sector, the integration of smart meters and sensors coupled with cloud computing and the paradigm of “divide and conquer” introduces a novel and smart management of the water network allowing an efficient online monitoring and transforming the traditional water networks into modern Smart WAter Networks (SWAN). The Ctrl+SWAN (Cloud Technologies & ReaL time monitoring+Smart WAter Network) Action Group (AG) was created within the European Innovation Partnership on Water, in order to promote innovation in the water sector by advancing existing smart solutions. The paper presents an update of a previous work on the state of the art on the best On-line Measuring Sensors (OMS) already available on the market and innovative technologies in the Research and Development (R&D) phases.

scholarly journals Impact of active night population and leakage exponent on leakage estimation in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peace Korshiwor Amoatey ◽  
Abena Agyeiwaa Obiri-Yeboah ◽  
Maxwell Akosah-Kusi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Leakage Exponent

Abstract Methods for network leakage estimation include water balance, component analysis and minimum night flow (MNF) methods the latter of which involves subtracting the customer night use (QCNU) from night leakage and multiplying by the hour day factor (HDF). QCNU and HDF respectively depend on Active Night Population (ANP) and leakage exponent (N1). In most developing countries, these parameters are assumed in the MNF method thus introducing errors which makes setting realistic leakage reduction targets and key performance indicators (KPI) problematic. In this study, QCNU and HDF were evaluated by determining the relative error associated with ANP and N1 to establish localized rates for accurately estimating leakage in water networks. Between 7 and 11% relative error was associated with every 1% higher or lower ANP while up to 4% relative error was observed for every step considered. A linear relationship exists between the relative error associated with both and ANP although that of ANP is twice as high as This has technical implications on setting water loss reduction targets and investing in the water infrastructure. It is recommended that water utilities must establish localized ANP and values for accurate leakage estimation in water networks.

scholarly journals Solution Approaches for the Management of the Water Resources in Irrigation Water Systems with Fuzzy Costs

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Sanchis ◽  
Manuel Díaz-Madroñero ◽  
P. Amparo López-Jiménez ◽  
Modesto Pérez-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Mathematical Programming Model ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Fuzzy Methods ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Fuzzy Solution ◽  
Selection Of

Currently, the management of water networks is key to increase their sustainability. This fact implies that water managers have to develop tools that ease the decision-making process in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation networks, as well as their exploitation costs. The present research proposes a mathematical programming model to optimize the selection of the water sources and the volume over time in water networks, minimizing the operation costs as a function of the water demand and the reservoir capacity. The model, which is based on fuzzy methods, improves the evaluation performed by water managers when they have to decide about the acquisition of the water resources under uncertain costs. Different fuzzy solution approaches have been applied and assessed in terms of model complexity and computational efficiency, showing the solution accomplished for each one. A comparison between different methods was applied in a real water network, reaching a 20% total cost reduction for the best solution.

Identify the Bottleneck of Water Network by Using Graph Theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 4794-4797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Jie Shen ◽  
Qing Gang Jia ◽  
Yan Yan Liang ◽  
Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Bottleneck Identification

Water system integration which aims on the bottleneck of the water network is the only effective method. Therefore, it is essential and significant to study the bottleneck identification of water networks. In this paper, the definition and fundamental characteristics of the bottleneck about flow rate in water network are given. The graph theory was engaged to identify the bottleneck of water network. A case study is used to show the method.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Structure of Water Demand with the Example of Selected Buildings

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1635
Author(s):  
Urszula Kepa ◽  
Longina Stepniak ◽  
Ewa Stanczyk-Mazanek ◽  
Krystian Chudzik
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Town ◽  
Average Consumption

The basis for the designing of water supply devices is knowledge of the distribution of water demand. The only practical tool that utility companies can use to measure water consumption is water meters. The literature part of the article compares the guidelines for the devices contained in the following directives: EEC (European Economic Community—withdrawn) and Measuring Instruments Directive—MID (applicable at present). The methodology of selecting water meters in accordance with previous and current regulations was also presented. The main purpose of this work was to determine the structure of water demand for selected building objects. Differences between real and literature values of water flows and water demand were determined. It was found that the average consumption in the analyzed buildings was higher then the consumption in Polish Regulation and in the town of Dabrowa Gornicza. The highest level of demand was in the buildings, which were equipped with automatic watering systems. The maximum momentary volumetric flows are also shown. Based on the obtained data, the accuracy of the water meters selection was checked. The calculated daily and hourly peak factors were compared with the values from the literature. The analysis was performed based on current legal acts, technical literature and data obtained from Dabrowskie Wodociagi Sp. z o.o. in Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland.

scholarly journals Leakage estimation in developing country water networks based on water balance, minimum night flow and component analysis methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Amoatey ◽  
R. Minke ◽  
H. Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Minimum Night Flow

Abstract Estimating leakage in developing countries’ water networks is challenging as accurate records are needed. Three leakage estimation methods were compared to ascertain which was most suitable for such networks. The factors accounting for the differences in application of these methods to water networks were also ascertained. The water balance and component analysis methods were compared with the modified minimum night flow (MNF) method. The MNF method was modified to make it suitable for networks in developing countries. In the comparison, leakage was estimated at 10 and 18%, respectively, against 11% for the modified MNF. The latter is considered the most suitable for developing countries as all parameters are determined or estimated from field measurements. It was realized that burst flow rates and the infrastructure condition factor used in the water balance and component analysis methods affect the accuracy of leakage estimates. This has implications for further research, as well as policy and practice for developing countries’ water utilities.

The Role of Prior Assumptions for Leak Localisation in Water Networks with Uncertainties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Blocher ◽  
Filippo Pecci ◽  
Ivan Stoianov
Keyword(s):  
Network Models ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Sensitivity Matrix ◽  
Search Area ◽  
Leak Location ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coefficient Vector ◽  
Resistance Coefficients

Abstract Hydraulic model-based leak (burst) localisation in water networks is a challenging problem due to uncertainties, the limited number of hydraulic measurements, and the wide range of leak properties. In this study, we investigate the use of prior assumptions to improve the leak localisation in the presence of model uncertainties. For example, 𝓁2-regularisation relies on the assumption that the Euclidean norm of the leak coefficient vector should be minimised. This approach is compared with a method based on the sensitivity matrix, which assumes the existence of only a single leak. We show that while applying the sensitivity matrix often yields a better estimate of the leak location in single leak scenarios, the 𝓁2-regularisation successfully identifies a leak search area for pinpointing the accurate leak location. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the additional error introduced by a quadratic approximation of the Hazen-Williams formula for the solution of the localisation problem is negligible given the uncertainties in Hazen-Williams resistance coefficients in operational water network models.

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